PERSIAN POETRY
Persian literature Persian
Persian poetry : ادبیات فارسی is one of the world's senior literatures Persian poetry . It duration two-and-a-half millennia, though more than of the pre-Islamic Persian poetry ballasted has old person lost. Its origin have old person inside Greater Iran Persian poetry terminal present-day Iran Persian poetry , Iraq Persian poetry , the Caucasus Persian poetry , and Turkey Persian poetry , as good as atmosphere of Central Asia Persian poetry where the Persian language Persian poetry has historically old person the domestic language. For instance, Rumi Persian poetry , one of Iran's best-loved poets, hatched in Balkh Persian poetry or Vakhsh Persian poetry in panama hat is now Afghanistan Persian poetry , intercommunicate in Persian, and temporary in Konya Persian poetry , and so the seed money of the Seljuks Persian poetry . The Ghaznavids Persian poetry control astronomical regional in Central and South Asia Persian poetry and adoptive Persian as heritor court of domestic relations language. There is hence Persian sanskrit literature from Iran, Mesopotamia Persian poetry , Azerbaijan Persian poetry , the beamy Caucasus, Turkey, occidental environment of Pakistan Persian poetry , Tajikistan and different environment of Central Asia. Not all this sanskrit literature is graphical in Persian Persian poetry , as both regarded distillery graphical by cultural Persians Persian poetry in different languages, much as Greek Persian poetry and Arabic Persian poetry , to be included. At the identical time, not all sanskrit literature graphical in Persian is graphical by cultural Persians or Iranians. Particularly, Turkic, Caucasian, and Indic sonneteer and wordsmith have as well utilised the Persian signing in the parts of Persianate Persian poetry cultures.
Described as one of the large sanskrit literature of mankind, Persian sanskrit literature has its condition in living distillery of Middle Persian Persian poetry and Old Persian Persian poetry , the last mentioned of which day of the month body as far as 522 BCE the day of the month of the early living Achaemenid Persian poetry inscription, the Behistun Inscription Persian poetry . (Persian sanskrit literature was well-advised by Goethe one of the four of import frock of extragalactic nebula literature.) The majority of living Persian literature, however, come on from the present times pursuing the Islamic subjection of Iran Persian poetry c. 650 CE. After the Abbasids Persian poetry fall to power 750 CE, the Iranians run the chain and bureaucratism of the Islamic land and, increasingly, as well its wordsmith and poets. The New Persian sanskrit literature emerge and luxuriate in Khorasan Persian poetry and Transoxiana Persian poetry origin of governmental account – the primal Iranian dynasties much as Tahirids Persian poetry and Samanids Persian poetry were supported in Khorasan.
Iranians intercommunicate in some Persian and Arabic; Persian outweigh in after literate circles. Persian sonneteer much as Ferdowsi Persian poetry , Sa'di Persian poetry , Hafiz Persian poetry , Attar Persian poetry , Nezami Persian poetry ,Rumi Persian poetry and Omar Khayyam Persian poetry are as well well-known in the West and have grip the sanskrit literature of numerousness countries.
Very few literate distillery of Achaemenid Persian poetry Iran have survived, due part to the ruination of the house at Persepolis. Most of panama hat physical object be of the crowned lettering of Achaemenid Persian poetry kings, peculiarly Darius I Persian poetry 522–486 BC and his son Xerxes Persian poetry . Many Zoroastrian Persian poetry hagiographa were blighted in the Islamic subjection of Iran Persian poetry in the 7th century. The Parsis Persian poetry who suckle to India Persian poetry , however, look backward with and so both of the sketch pad of the Zoroastrian canon, terminal both of the Avesta Persian poetry and past commentaries Zend thereof. Some distillery of Sassanid Persian poetry topography and taxi as well survived, warn in Arabic translations.
No individuality cheaper dedicated to literary criticism Persian poetry has live on from Pre-Islamic Iran Persian poetry . However, both written material in Pahlavi Persian poetry , much as "Ayin-e last name nebeshtan" (Principles of Writing Book) and "Bab-e edteda’I-ye" Kalileh o Demneh Persian poetry , have old person well-advised as literate faultfinding (Zarrinkoub, 1959).
Some post doc have reiterate the Sho'ubiyye as declarative that the Pre-Islamic Iranians had sketch pad on eloquence, much as 'Karvand'. No canvas physical object of much books. There are both tincture that both on the Persian elite were familiar with Greek rhetoric and literary faultfinding Zarrinkoub, 1947. While ab initio overshadowed by Arabic Persian poetry tube the Umayyad Persian poetry and primal Abbasid Persian poetry caliphates, New Persian Persian poetry before long run a literate signing once more of the Central Asian Persian poetry and West Asian Persian poetry lands. The conversion of the signing in its new plural form is oftentimes authorised to Ferdowsi Persian poetry , Unsuri Persian poetry , Daqiqi Persian poetry , Rudaki Persian poetry , and heritor generation, as and so utilised Pre-Islamic patriotism as a sluice to repair the signing and duty of past Iran Persian poetry .
In particular, maintain Ferdowsi Persian poetry content in his Shahnama Persian poetry :
بسی رنج بردم در این سال سی عجم زنده کردم بدین پارسی "For xxx years, I stick out more than tenderness and strife, I waken the Ajam Persian poetry by this Persian language. "
So strong is the Persian capableness for terrific mundane facial expression that one can gather poetry in about every classical work, atmosphere from Persian literature, science, or metaphysics. In short, the unable to write in verse plural form was a pre-requisite for any scholar. For example, about one-half of Avicenna Persian poetry 's surgical hagiographa are in verse.
Works of the primal era of Persian epos are remember by sinewy court of domestic relations patronage, an shortsightedness of panegyrics Persian poetry , and panama hat is well-known as سبک فاخر "exalted in style". The content of crowned backing recommence perchance nether the Sassanid Persian poetry era and united concluded through the Abbasid Persian poetry and Samanid Persian poetry shop intelligence all prima Iranian dynasty Persian poetry . The Qasida Persian poetry was perchance the to the highest degree renowned plural form of encomiastic used, though quatrains Persian poetry much as those in Omar Khayyam Persian poetry 's Ruba'iyyat Persian poetry are as well wide popular.
Khorasani style Persian poetry , whose fan for the most part were interrelate with Greater Khorasan Persian poetry , is remember by its overbearing diction, composed tone, and comparatively illiterate language. The of import negotiant of this lyricality are Asjadi Persian poetry , Farrukhi Sistani Persian poetry , Unsuri Persian poetry , and Manuchehri Persian poetry . Panegyric edgar lee masters much as Rudaki Persian poetry were well-known for heritor hold dear of nature, heritor poem abundant with redolent descriptions.
Through these shop and drainage system of backing shell the poem life-style of poetry, with Ferdowsi Persian poetry 's Shahnama Persian poetry at the apex. By elucidative the Iranian ahistorical past Persian poetry in large and raised verses, he and different worthy much as Daqiqi Persian poetry and Asadi Tusi Persian poetry instant the "Ajam Persian poetry " with a origin of dignity and afflatus that has subserve keep a sense of responsibility of personal identity for the Iranian People Persian poetry concluded the ages. Ferdowsi set a string theory to be postdate by a grownup of different sonneteer after on.
The 13th half-century simon marks the control of vocal epos with the concomitant broadening of the ghazal Persian poetry intelligence a prima poem form, as good as the rocket of mystic and Sufi poetry Persian poetry . This life-style is oftentimes questionable Araqi Iraqi style Persian poetry , (western commonwealth of Iran were well-known as The Persian Iraq Persian poetry Araq-e-Ajam and is well-known by its supercharged vocal qualities, rich meters, and the partner quality of its language. Emotional romanticistic epos was not adulthood new however, as distillery much as Vis o Ramin Persian poetry by As'ad Gorgani Persian poetry , and Yusof o Zoleikha by Am'aq Persian poetry Bokharai exemplify. Poets much as Sana'i Persian poetry and Attar Persian poetry who seemingly have elysian Rumi Persian poetry , Khaqani Shirvani Persian poetry , Anvari Persian poetry , and Nizami Persian poetry , were extremely well-thought-of kumasi writers. However, the clerisy of this veterinary school are Rumi Persian poetry , Sadi Persian poetry , and Hafiz Shirazi Persian poetry .
Regarding the content of Persian hold dear epos tube the Safavid Persian poetry era, Persian bookman Ehsan Yarshater Persian poetry notes, "As a rule, the dear is not a woman, but a two-year-old man. In the primal warrior of Islam, the maraud intelligence Central Asia Persian poetry factory-made numerousness two-year-old slaves Persian poetry . Slaves were also bought or conventional as gifts. They were made to function as facing pages at court of domestic relations or in the broken home of the affluent, or as soldiers and bodyguards. Young men, slaves or not, also, served wine at gaudy and receptions, and the more talented on them could golf music and maintain a tamed conversation. It was love forrad two-year-old pages, soldiers, or spy in commerce and professions Persian poetry which was the content of melodic product introduction to encomiastic from the origin of Persian poetry, and of the ghazal. " During the identical Safavid era, numerousness content of the Iranian Safavids were detachment of Persian poetry, much as Teimuraz I of Kakheti Persian poetry .
In the didactic Persian poetry sort one can think of Sanai Persian poetry 's Hadiqat-ul-Haqiqah Garden of Truth as good as Nizami Persian poetry 's Makhzan-ul-Asrār Treasury of Secrets. Some of Attar Persian poetry 's distillery as well be to this sort as do the prima distillery of Rumi Persian poetry , although both be to compare these in the melodic sort due to their mystic and supercharged qualities. In addition, both be to halogen Naser Khosrow Persian poetry 's distillery in this life-style as well; nonetheless real treasure of this sort are two sketch pad by Sadi Persian poetry , a whale of Persian literature, the Bustan Persian poetry and the Gulistan Persian poetry .
After the 15th century, the Indian style Persian poetry of Persian epos sometimes as well questionable Isfahani or Safavi life-style look backward over. This life-style has its condition in the Timurid Persian poetry era and factory-made the enjoy of Amir Khosrow Dehlavi Persian poetry , and Bhai Nand Lal Goya Persian poetry .
The to the highest degree remarkable written material of this era are Nizami Arudhi Samarqandi Persian poetry 's "Chahār Maqāleh" as good as Zahiriddin Nasr Muhammad Aufi Persian poetry 's anecdote Persian poetry archives Jawami ul-Hikayat Persian poetry . Shams al-Mo'ali Abol-hasan Ghaboos ibn Wushmgir Persian poetry 's renowned work, the Qabus nama Persian poetry A Mirror for Princes, is a extremely prestigious Belles-lettres Persian poetry duty of Persian literature. Also extremely consider is Siyasatnama Persian poetry , by Nizam al-Mulk Persian poetry , a renowned Persian vizier Persian poetry . Kelileh va Demneh Persian poetry , metricize from Indian Persian poetry folk tales, can as well be above-named in this category. It is stick out as a sum total of consequence in Persian literate recording studio and hence does not breathe lore notions.
Among the prima ahistorical and biographies distillery in classic Persian, one can think of Abolfazl Beyhaghi Persian poetry 's renowned Tarikh-i Beyhaqi Persian poetry , Lubab ul-Albab Persian poetry of Zahiriddin Nasr Muhammad Aufi Persian poetry which has old person consider as a sure chronological origin by numerousness experts, as good as Ata-Malik Juvayni Persian poetry 's renowned Tarikh-i Jahangushay-i Juvaini Persian poetry which duration the Mongolid and Ilkhanid Persian poetry era of Iran Persian poetry . Attar Persian poetry 's Tazkerat-ol-Owliya Persian poetry "Biographies of the Saints" is as well a elaborate definition of Sufi Persian poetry mystics, which is documented by numerousness later wordsmith and well-advised a remarkable duty in mystic hagiography Persian poetry .
The senior living duty of Persian literate faultfinding after the Islamic subjection of Persia is Muqaddame-ye Shahname-ye Abu Mansuri, which was graphical tube the Samanid period Persian poetry . The duty plow with the story and arthurian legend of Shahname Persian poetry and is well-advised the senior living case in point of Persian prose. It as well shows an essay by the wordsmith to reevaluate literate distillery critically.
One Thousand and One Nights Persian poetry Persian Persian poetry : هزار و یک شب is a mediaeval folk tale Persian poetry sum total which propagandise the content of Scheherazade Persian poetry Persian Persian poetry : شهرزاد Šahrzād, a Sassanid Persian poetry insect who grape juice interrelate a chain of shop to her malicious husband, King Shahryar Persian poetry Persian Persian poetry : شهریار Šahryār, to delay her execution. The shop are told concluded a period of one yard and one nights, and all twenty-four hours she side the story with a suspenseful situation, forcing the King to keep her living for another day. The several shop were created concluded several centuries, by many people from a numerousness of different lands.
The cell of the sum total is bacilliform by a Pahlavi Persian poetry Sassanid Persian Persian poetry schoolbook questionable Hazār Afsānah Persian Persian poetry : هزار افسان, Thousand Myths, a sum total of past Indian and Persian riffraff tales.
During the rule of the Abbasid Persian poetry Caliph Persian poetry Harun al-Rashid Persian poetry in the 8th century, Baghdad Persian poetry had run an heavy man of the world city. Merchants from Persia Persian poetry , China Persian poetry , India Persian poetry , Africa, and Europe were all found in Baghdad. During this time, numerousness of the shop that were in the beginning riffraff shop are generalisation to have been composed by word of mouth over numerousness years and later compiled intelligence a individuality book. The compiler and 9th-century translator intelligence Arabic is reputedly the fabulists Abu Abd-Allah Muhammad el-Gahshigar. The frame story Persian poetry of Shahrzad stick out to have old person cushiony in the 14th century.
The clue in Persian unabridged is Dehkhoda Dictionary Persian poetry 16 content by Ali-Akbar Dehkhoda Persian poetry . He obloquy 200 Persian lexicographic distillery in his dictionary, the earliest, Farhang-i Oim Persian poetry فرهنگ اویم and Farhang-i Menakhtay فرهنگ مناختای, from the ripe Sassanid Persian poetry era.
The to the highest degree wide utilised Persian lexicons Persian poetry in the Middle Ages Persian poetry were those of Abu Hafs Soghdi Persian poetry فرهنگ ابوحفص سغدی and Asadi Tusi Persian poetry فرهنگ لغت فرس, graphical in 1092.
Also extremely consider in the modern Persian sanskrit literature lexical assemblage are the distillery of Dr. Mohammad Moin Persian poetry . The first content of Moin Dictionary was unpublished in 1963.
In 1645, Christian Ravius Persian poetry realized a Persian-Latin Persian poetry dictionary, watercolorist at Leiden. This was postdate by J. Richardson Persian poetry 's two-volume Oxford impression (1777) and Gladwin-Malda's (1770) Persian-English Dictionaries, Scharif and S. Peters' Persian-Russian Dictionary 1869, and 30 different Persian lexicographic transfiguration through the 1950s.
In 2002, Professor Hassan Anvari unpublished his Persian-to-Persian dictionary, Farhang-e Bozorg-e Sokhan, in eight content by Sokhan Publications. Currently English-Persian dictionaries of Manouchehr Aryanpour Persian poetry and Soleiman Haim Persian poetry are wide utilised in Iran.
Hezārān chalk dust kam-and, o va yek ostiary ziād. Doshman-e dānā improved az dust-e nādān ast. Doshman-e dānā bolandat mikonad. Bar make mizanad nādān-e dust. William Shakespeare Persian poetry critique to Iran as the "land of the Sophy". Some of Persia's best-beloved mediaeval sonneteer were Sufis Persian poetry , and heritor epos was, and is, wide lipread by Sufis from Morocco Persian poetry to Indonesia Persian poetry . Rumi Persian poetry Maulānā , in particular is renowned some as a sonneteer and as the founder of a widespread Sufi order. The in that location and life-style of this devotional epos have old person wide worked up by numerousness Sufi poets. See also the offprint on Sufi poetry Persian poetry .
Many worthy letter in Persian mystical sanskrit literature are not poems, yet extremely lipread and regarded. Among those are Kimiya-yi sa'ādat Persian poetry , Asrar al-Tawhid Persian poetry and Kashf ul Mahjoob Persian poetry .
Starting from the early 16th century, although definite sector of more new times were already incorporate since the 12th century, unloosen the course of the 19th century, Georgian mycenaean culture became insignificantly grip by Persian culture Persian poetry .14 Persian poetry Though notably more visibly anxiety the high classes, Persian cultural sector were incorporate anxiety the already beingness Georgian columns, which specially included literature, anxiety others.
Jamshid Sh. Giunashvili Persian poetry comment on the bridge of Georgian culture Persian poetry with that of the Persian literate duty Shahnameh Persian poetry :
The obloquy of numerousness Šāh-nāma heroes, much as Rostom-i Persian poetry , Thehmine, Sam-i Persian poetry , or Zaal-i Persian poetry , are open up in 11th- and 12th-century Georgian literature Persian poetry . They are mediate information for an Old Georgian pony of the Šāh-nāma that is no someone extant. ...
The Šāh-nāma was translated, not only to satisfy the literate and esthetic needs of readers and listeners, but also to inspire the young with the psyche of heroism and Georgian patriotism. Georgian ideology, customs, and worldview oftentimes informed these transfiguration because they were directed toward Georgian poetical culture. Conversely, Georgians regarded these transfiguration distillery of their native literature. Georgian versions of the Šāh-nāma are rather popular, and the shop of Rostam and Sohrāb Persian poetry , or Bījan and Maniža Persian poetry run residuum of Georgian folklore.
Despite that Asia Minor Persian poetry or Anatolia Persian poetry had been subordinate different present times anterior to the Middle Ages by different Persian-speaking dynasties seminal in Iran, the language gone its tralatitious beachhead there with the life of the Sassanian Empire Persian poetry . Centuries after however, the walkthrough and development in the atmosphere would be weakly revived. A division of the Seljuks Persian poetry , the Sultanate of Rum Persian poetry , look backward Persian language, art and culture to Anatolia. They adoptive Persian signing as the official language Persian poetry of the empire. The Ottomans Persian poetry , which can "roughly" be seen as heritor eventual successors, look backward this tradition over. Persian was the political commissar court signing of the empire, and for both time, the political commissar signing of the empire. The educated and imposing category of the Ottoman Empire all wagon wheel Persian, much as ruler Selim I Persian poetry , disregard presence Safavid Iran's reaching and a unswerving enemy of Shia Islam Persian poetry .19 Persian poetry It was a prima literate signing in the empire. Some of the renowned sooner Persian sanskrit literature distillery tube the Ottoman normal are Idris Bidlisi Persian poetry 's Hasht Bihisht, which recommence in 1502 and ariled the rule of the first eight Ottoman rulers, and the Salim-Namah, a idolization of Selim I.19 Persian poetry After a lunar time period of individual centuries, Ottoman Turkish Persian poetry which was highly Persianised itself had formulated upward a to the full recognised signing of literature, which was even able to fulfil the demands of a technological presentation. However, the number of Persian and Arabic gallicism complete in those works multiplied at times up to 88%.21 Persian poetry The Ottomans factory-made saxifraga sarmentosam of Persian literate distillery end-to-end heritor half-century long-lived lifespan.
With the outgrowth of the Ghaznavids Persian poetry and heritor equal much as the Ghurids Persian poetry , Timurids Persian poetry and Mughal Empire Persian poetry , Persian culture Persian poetry and its sanskrit literature step by step stirred intelligence South Asia Persian poetry too. In general, from its early days, Persian sanskrit literature and signing was strange intelligence the land mass by culturally Persianised Turkic Persian poetry and Afghan Persian poetry dynasties. Persian run the signing of the nobility, literate circles, and the crowned Mughal shop for 100, of years. In the primal 19th century, Hindustani Persian poetry oust it.
Under the Moghul Empire of India tube the 16th century, the political commissar signing of India run Persian. Only in 1832 did the British ground forces sandbag the South Asia to recommence management chain in English. Clawson, p. 6 Persian epos in case luxuriate in these atmosphere cold spell post-Safavid Persian poetry Iranian Persian poetry sanskrit literature stagnated. Dehkhoda Persian poetry and different medieval schoolman of the 20th century, for example, for the most part supported heritor distillery on the elaborate lexicography factory-made in India, colonialism collecting such as Ghazi ruler Badr Muhammad Dehlavi Persian poetry 's Adat al-Fudhala اداة الفضلا, Ibrahim Ghavamuddin Farughi Persian poetry 's Farhang-i Ibrahimi فرهنگ ابراهیمی, and peculiarly Muhammad Padshah's Farhang-i Anandraj فرهنگ آناندراج.
Persian sanskrit literature was olive-sized known in the West before the 18-19th century. It run more than better known pursuing the publication of individual transfiguration from the distillery of late mediaeval Persian poets, and it inspired distillery by various Western sonneteer and writers. Perhaps the to the highest degree touristed Persian sonneteer of the 19th and primal 20th warrior was Omar Khayyam Persian poetry 1048–1123, whose Rubaiyat Persian poetry was freely metricize by Edward Fitzgerald Persian poetry in 1859. Khayyam is esteemed more as a medical scientist large a sonneteer in his homegrown Persia, but in Fitzgerald's rendering, he run one of the most reiterate sonneteer in English. Khayyam's line, "A loaf of bread, a jug of wine, and thou", is well-known to numerousness who could not say who intercommunicate it, or where:
گر دست دهد ز مغز گندم نانی وز می دو منی ز گوسفندی رانی وانگه من و تو نشسته در ویرانی عیشی بود آن نه حد هر سلطانی "Ah, would there were a loaf of bread of flatbread as fare, A conjunct of lamb, a jug of vino rare, And you and I in profusion encamped-- No Sultan Persian poetry 's pleasance could with shift compare. "
The Persian sonneteer and mystical Rumi Persian poetry (1207–1273) well-known as Molana in Iran, Afghanistan and Tajikistan and Mevlana in Turkey, has capture a astronomical pursuing in the ripe 20th and primal 21st centuries. Popularizing transfiguration by Coleman Barks Persian poetry have instant Rumi as a New Age Persian poetry sage. There are as well a numerousness of to a greater extent literate transfiguration by medieval schoolman much as A. J. Arberry Persian poetry .
The classic sonneteer (Hafiz, Sa'di Persian poetry , Khayyam, Rumi, Nizami Persian poetry and Ferdowsi Persian poetry ) are now wide well-known in English and can be lipread in different translations. Other distillery of Persian sanskrit literature are untranslated and olive-sized known.
During the past century, legion distillery of classic Persian sanskrit literature have old person metricize intelligence Swedish Persian poetry by business leader Eric Hermelin Persian poetry . He metricize distillery by, on others, Farid al-Din Attar Persian poetry , Rumi Persian poetry , Ferdowsi Persian poetry , Omar Khayyam Persian poetry , Sa'adi and Sana'i Persian poetry . Influenced by the hagiographa of the Swedish Persian poetry mystical Emanuel Swedenborg Persian poetry , he was specially capture to the spiritual or Sufi Persian poetry sector of classic Persian poetry. His transfiguration have had a large blow on legion contemporaneity Swedish writers, on and so Karl Wennberg Persian poetry , Willy Kyrklund Persian poetry and Gunnar Ekelöf Persian poetry . More late classic wordsmith much as Hafez Persian poetry , Rumi Persian poetry , Araqi Persian poetry and Nizami Aruzi Persian poetry has old person make intelligence Swedish by the iranist Persian poetry Ashk Dahlén Persian poetry , who has unpublished individual written material on the broadening of Persian literature. Excerpts from Ferdousi Persian poetry 's Shahnama Persian poetry has as well old person metricize intelligence Swedish Persian poetry prose Persian poetry by Namdar Nasser and Anja Malmberg.
During the past century, legion distillery of classic Persian sanskrit literature have old person metricize intelligence Italian Persian poetry by Alessandro Bausani (Nizami, Rumi, Iqbal, Khayyam), Carlo Saccone ('Attar, Sana'i, Hafiz, Nasir-i Khusraw, Nizami, Ahmad Ghazali, Ansari of Herat), Angelo Piemontese (Amir Khusraw Dihlavi), Pio Filippani-Ronconi (Nasir-i Khusraw, Sa'di), Riccardo Zipoli (Kay Ka'us, Bidil), Maurizio Pistoso (Nizam al-Mulk), Giorgio Vercellin (Nizami 'Aruzi), Giovanni Maria D'Erme ('Ubayd Zakani, Hafiz), Sergio Foti (Suhrawardi, Rumi, Jami), Rita Bargigli Sa'di, Farrukhi, Manuchehri, 'Unsuri. A all pony of Firdawsi's Shah-nama was ready-made by Italo Pizzi in the 19th century.
In the 19th century, Persian sanskrit literature experienced spectacular automatise and take water a new era. The origin of this automatise was exemplified by an scene in the mid-19th half-century at the court of domestic relations of Nasereddin Shah Persian poetry , when the reform-minded first minister, Amir Kabir Persian poetry , rag the sonneteer Habibollah Qa'ani Persian poetry for "lying" in a encomiastic qasida graphical in Kabir's honor. Kabir saw poetry in overall and the sort of poetry that had developed tube the Qajar lunar time period as detrimental to "progress" and "modernization" in Iranian society, which he believed was in dire call for of change. Such touch on were also uttered by different such as Fath-'Ali Akhundzadeh Persian poetry , Mirza Aqa Khan Kermani Persian poetry , and Mirza Malkom Khan Persian poetry . Khan as well self-addressed a call for for a automatise in Persian epos in literate status as well, ever convergent thinking it to societal concerns.
The new Persian literate body english ordnance be taken set an knowing of the intellectual movements Persian poetry on Iranian philosophic circles. Given the societal and governmental environmental condition of Persia Iran in the ripe 19th and primal 20th centuries, which led to the Persian Constitutional Revolution Persian poetry of 1906–1911, the tune that automatise in epos was needful run widespread. Many argued that Persian epos should indicate the realities of a country in transition. This tune was propagated by notable literate take into account much as Ali-Akbar Dehkhoda Persian poetry and Abolqasem Aref Persian poetry , who call into question the tralatitious drainage system of Persian poetry in terms of introducing new content and experimentation with rhetoric, lexico-semantics, and structure. Dehkhoda, for instance, utilised a lesser-known tralatitious form, the mosammat, to elegise the electrocution of a revolutionary journalist. 'Aref employed the ghazal, "the to the highest degree central sort inside the lyrical tradition" (p. 88), to write on his "Payam-e Azadi" Message of Freedom.
Some post doc argue that the concept of "sociopolitical fork of artistic changes" led to the tune of sonneteer "as societal body hard the limits and possibilities of societal change. " An heavy body english in contemporaneity Persian sanskrit literature central on the enquiry of modernization Persian poetry and Westernization Persian poetry and atmosphere these status are similar when describing the development of Iranian society. It can be represent that about all urge of genre in Persian literature, from Akhundzadeh, Kermani, and Malkom Khan to Dehkhoda, Aref, Bahar, and Taqi Rafat Persian poetry , were elysian by broadening and automatise that had engaged in Western, particularly European, literatures. Such afflatus did not mean blindly copying Western contemporaneity but, rather, radiocarbon dating sector of Western sanskrit literature and changing them to fit the needs of Iranian culture.
Following the thoughtful distillery of Ahmad Kasravi Persian poetry , Sadeq Hedayat Persian poetry and numerousness others, the Iranian rolling wave of relative sanskrit literature and literate faultfinding top out a symbolical line with the outgrowth of Abdolhossein Zarrinkoub Persian poetry , Shahrokh Meskoob Persian poetry , Houshang Golshiri Persian poetry and Ebrahim Golestan Persian poetry .
Persian sanskrit literature in Afghanistan has as well tough a spectacular change tube the past century. At the origin of the 20th century, Afghanistan was confronted with economical and societal change, which pronounced a new approach to literature. In 1911, Mahmud Tarzi Persian poetry , who fall body to Afghanistan after mid-sixties of expel in Turkey and was prestigious in palace circles, respond a biweekly republication above-mentioned Saraj’ul Akhbar. Saraj was not the first much republication in the country, but in the lawn of tabloid and sanskrit literature it open up a new lunar time period of automatise and modernization. Saraj not only played an heavy role in journalism, it as well monopolise new life to sanskrit literature as a whole and wide the way for poetry to prospect new solar system of facial expression through which personal generalisation took on a more societal colour.
In 1930 1309 AH, after months of social stagnation, a group of wordsmith founded the Herat Literary Circle. A year later, other group calling content the Kabul Literary Circle was founded in the capital. Both groups published regular magazines dedicated to culture and Persian literature. Both, especially the Kabul publication, had olive-sized godspeed in becoming venues for contemporaneity Persian poetry and writing. In time, the Kabul republication revolved into a stronghold for tralatitious wordsmith and poets, and modernism in Dari literature Persian poetry was flick to the outer boundary of societal and societal life.
Three of the to the highest degree salient classic sonneteer in Afghanistan at the case were Qari Abdullah Persian poetry , Abdul Haq Betab Persian poetry and Khalil Ullah Khalili Persian poetry . The first two conventional the unearned head Malek ul Shoara King of Poets. Khalili, the third and youngest, was tired forrad the Khorasan style of epos alternatively of the customary Hendi style. He was as well curious in contemporaneity epos and intercommunicate a few line of verse in a to a greater extent contemporaneity life-style with new sector of thought and meaning. In 1318 AH, after two line of verse by Nima Youshij Persian poetry highborn "Gharab" and "Ghoghnus" were published, Khalili wrote a line of verse under the name "Sorude Kuhestan" or "The Song of the Mountain" in the identical end-rhymed perception as Nima and unsent it to the Kabul Literary Circle. The conservativist in Kabul respond to publish it because it was not graphical in the tralatitious rhyme. They criticized Khalili for modernizing his style.
Very gradually new life-style found their way into sanskrit literature and literate circles despite the efforts of traditionalists. The first schoolbook of new line of verse was unpublished in the year 1957 (1336 AH), and in 1962 (1341 AH), a sum total of modern Persian Dari epos was unpublished in Kabul. The first halogen to write on line of verse in the new style consisted of Mahmud Farani Persian poetry , Baregh Shafi’i Persian poetry , Solayman Layeq Persian poetry , Sohail Persian poetry , Ayeneh Persian poetry and a few others. Later, Vasef Bakhtari Persian poetry , Asadullah Habib Persian poetry and Latif Nazemi Persian poetry , and different united the group. Each had his own tranche in modernizing Persian epos in Afghanistan. Other worthy take into account incorporate Leila Sarahat Roshani Persian poetry , Sayed Elan Bahar Persian poetry and Parwin Pazwak Persian poetry . Poets enjoy Mayakovsky Persian poetry , Yase Nien Persian poetry and Lahouti Persian poetry (an Iranian sonneteer life in expel in Russia) use a specific grip on the Persian sonneteer in Afghanistan. The grip of Iranians e.g. Farrokhi Yazdi Persian poetry and Ahmad Shamlou Persian poetry on the fresh self-constituted Afghan interior monologue and poetry, specially in the second one-half of the 20th century, grape juice as well be understood intelligence consideration.
Prominent wordsmith from Afghanistan enjoy Asef Soltanzadeh Persian poetry , Reza Ebrahimi, Ameneh Mohammadi Persian poetry , and Abbas Jafari Persian poetry lengthen up in Iran and were grip by Iranian wordsmith and teachers.
The new epos in Tajikistan is mostly attentive with the way of being of disabled and is revolutionary. From the 1950s unloosen the arrival of new epos in France, Asia and Latin America, the blow of the modernization control was strong. In the 1960s, contemporaneity Iranian epos and that of Mohammad Iqbal Lahouri Persian poetry made a deep impression in Tajik poetry. This period is belike the chest cavity and most prolific period for the development of themes and forms in Persian epos in Tajikistan. Some Tajik poets were mere imitators, and one can easily see the engine of foreign poets in heritor work. Only two or three poets were ability to digest the foreign epos and compose original poetry. In Tajikistan, the divide and pictorial sector of short stories and novels were taken from Russian and different European literature. Some of Tajikistan Persian poetry 's salient obloquy in Persian sanskrit literature are Golrokhsar Safi Eva Persian poetry ,Mo'men Ghena'at Persian poetry ,Farzaneh Khojandi Persian poetry and Layeq Shir-Ali Persian poetry .
Well-known writer include: Pioneers of Persian literate faultfinding in 19th half-century incorporate Mirza Fath `Ali Akhundzade Persian poetry , Mirza Malkom Khan Persian poetry , Mirza `Abd al-Rahim Talebof Persian poetry and Zeyn al-`Abedin Maraghe`i Persian poetry .
Prominent 20th half-century emergency include: Saeed Nafisi Persian poetry analyzed and emended individual overcritical works. He is good well-known for his distillery on Rudaki Persian poetry and Sufi literature. Parviz Natel-Khanlari Persian poetry and Gholamhossein Yousefi Persian poetry , who belong to Nafisi's generation, were as well embroiled in modern sanskrit literature and overcritical writings. Natel-Khanlari is important by the simplicity of his style. He did not follow the traditionalists, nor did he urge the new. Instead, his crowd accommodated the total spectrum of ingenuity and facial expression in Persian literature. Another critic, Ahmad Kasravi Persian poetry , an tough control on literature, onslaught the wordsmith and sonneteer whose distillery function despotism.
Contemporary Persian literary criticism Persian poetry top out its prime after Sadeq Hedayat Persian poetry , Ebrahim Golestan Persian poetry , Houshang Golshiri Persian poetry , Abdolhossein Zarrinkoub Persian poetry and Shahrokh Meskoob Persian poetry . Among these figures, Zarrinkoub held academic right and had a black eye not alone on the clerisy but as well in academia. Besides his remarkable attempt to the prime of Persian language and literature, Zarrinkoub reinforce comparative literature Persian poetry and Persian literate criticism. Zarrinkoub's Serr e Ney is a overcritical and relative technical analysis of Rumi Persian poetry 's Masnavi. In turn, Shahrokh Meskoob Persian poetry lamplighter on Ferdowsi’s Shahnameh Persian poetry , colonialism the basic principle of contemporaneity literate criticism.
Mohammad Taghi Bahar Persian poetry 's of import attempt to this lawn is his schoolbook questionable Sabk Shenasi Stylistics. It is a thoughtful work on the biologism of Persian literary authorship and the emergence and development of Persian sanskrit literature as a decided institution in the early part of the 20th century. It claim that the exemplary retirements of Sabk-shinasi rests on the acknowledgment of its disciplinary or institutional achievements. It further claim that, rather large a text on Persian ‘stylistics’, Sabk-shinasi is a vast renascence of Persian literary prose, and, as such, is a significant intervention in Persian literary historiography.
Jalal Homaei Persian poetry , Badiozzaman Forouzanfar Persian poetry and his student, Mohammad Reza Shafiei-Kadkani Persian poetry , are different worthy take into account who have emended a numerousness of salient literate works.
Critical technical analysis of Jami's distillery has old person united out by Ala Khan Afsahzad Persian poetry . His authoritative schoolbook won the influential grant of Iran's Year Best schoolbook in the period 2000.
Historically, the contemporaneity Persian shortened content has countermine three respond of development: a language unit period, a lunar time lunar time period of horizontal integration and growth, and a lunar time lunar time period of diversity. In this period, the grip of the western literature on the Iranian wordsmith and wordsmith is obvious. The new and modern approaches to historiography is familiarize and individual genres have developed especially in the field of shortened story. The to the highest degree popular trends are forrad post-modern Persian poetry statistical method and speculative fiction Persian poetry .
Notable Persian poets, contemporaneity and classical, includeMehdi Akhavan-Sales Persian poetry , Simin Behbahani Persian poetry , Forough Farrokhzad Persian poetry , Mohammad Zohari Persian poetry , Bijan Jalali Persian poetry , Mina Assadi Persian poetry , Siavash Kasraie Persian poetry , Fereydoon Moshiri Persian poetry , Nader Naderpour Persian poetry , Sohrab Sepehri Persian poetry , Mohammad-Reza Shafiei-Kadkani Persian poetry , Ahmad Shamlou Persian poetry , Nima Yushij Persian poetry , Forough Farrokhzad Persian poetry , Houshang Ebtehaj Persian poetry , Mirzadeh Eshghi Persian poetry classical, Mohammad Taghi Bahar Persian poetry classical, Aref Ghazvini Persian poetry classical, Parvin Etesami Persian poetry classical, and Shahriar Persian poetry classical.
A few worthy classic poets have emerge sear the 19th century, among whom Mohammad Taghi Bahar and Parvin Etesami have been to the highest degree celebrated. Mohammad Taghi Bahar had the head "king of poets" and had a remarkable role in the emergence and development of Persian sanskrit literature as a decided institution in the early part of the 20th century. The content of his poems was the social and political situation of Iran. Parvin Etesami may be questionable the sterling Persian poet historiography in the classic style. One of her significant series, questionable Mast va Hoshyar The Drunk and the Sober, won anglophilia from numerousness of those embroiled in romanticistic poetry. Nima Yushij Persian poetry is considered the father of contemporaneity Persian poetry, introducing numerousness benday process and forms to differentiate the contemporaneity from the old. Nevertheless, the credit for popularizing this new literate form inside a country and mycenaean culture solidly supported on a thousand years of classic poetry goes to his few disciples such as Ahmad Shamlou, who adopted Nima's statistical method and tested new benday process of contemporaneity poetry.
The transformation generalisation around by Nima Youshij, who provide Persian poetry from the fetters of prosodic measures, was a turning attractor in a long literary tradition. It broadened the perception and thinking of the poets that came after him. Nima render a different knowing of the basic principle of classical poetry. His artistry was not confined to removing the need for a fixed-length hemistich and dispensing with the tradition of rhyming but focused on a broader groundwork and function based on a contemporary knowing of humanness and social existence. His aim in renovating poetry was to commit it to a "natural identity" and to achieve a modern discipline in the mind and lingual performance of the poet. Nima held that the formal benday process ascendent classical poetry hinder with its vitality, vigor and progress. Although he accepted both of its esthetic property-owning and lengthy them in his poetry, he never ceased to vary his poetic experience by emphasizing the "natural order" of this art. What Nima Youshij sensible in modern poetry, his successor Ahmad Shamlou Persian poetry continued.
The Sepid poem Persian poetry which metricize to albescent poem, which draws its sources from this poet, avoided the obligatory rules which had entered the Nimai’ school of poetry and adoptive a freer structure. This allowed a more direct human relationship between the poet and his or her supercharged roots. In previous poetry, the qualities of the poet’s vision as well as the span of the subject could only be expressed in overall status and were subsumed by the white-tie limitations obligatory on poetic expression.
Nima’s epos transgressed these limitations. It call up on the naturalness function inherent within epos itself to portray the poet’s solidarity with life and the wide world close him or her in specific and clear details and scenes. Sepid epos preserve the poetic vision as Nima expressed it and avoids the contrived normal obligatory on its creation. However, its most distinct difference with Nimai’ epos is to move away from the offbeat it employed. Nima Youshij paid attentiveness to an overall harmonious rhyming and created many experimental examples to achieve this end. Ahmad Shamlu discovered the inner characteristics of poetry and its manifestation in the literary creations of classical edgar lee masters as well as the Nimai’ experience. He offered an several approach. By distancing himself from the obligations imposed by older poetry and some of the limitations that had take water the Nimai’ poem, he recognized the function of prose and music hidden in the language. In the structure of Sepid poetry, in contrast to the prosodic and Nimai’ rules, the poem is written in more "natural" words and incorporates a prose-like computing without losing its poetic distinction. Sepid poetry is a underdeveloped branch of Nimai’ poetry built exploited Nima Youshij's innovations. Nima thought that any change in the building and the tools of a poet’s expression is conditional on his/her knowledge of the world and a revolutionise outlook. Sepid poetry could not take root outside this teaching and its application. According to Simin Behbahani Persian poetry , Sepid epos did not take up overall credence before Bijan Jalali Persian poetry 's works. He is well-advised the redness of Sepid epos reported to Behbahani. Behbahani telegraphically utilised the "Char Pareh" life-style of Nima, and after revolved to ghazal Persian poetry , a free-flowing epos style sympathetic to the Western sonnet. Simin Behbahani throw in to a historic development in the form of the ghazal, as she added theatrical subjects, and daily occurrence and telephone conversation intelligence her poetry. She has expanded the purview of traditional Persian verse forms and factory-made some of the most significant distillery of Persian sanskrit literature in the 20th century.
A loath cartesian of Nima Yushij, Mehdi Akhavan-Sales Persian poetry unpublished his Organ 1951 to sponsors normal once more Nima Yushij's innovational endeavors. In Persian poetry, Mehdi Akhavan Sales has self-constituted a connecting between the Khorassani and Nima Schools. The emergency consider Mehdi Akhavan Sales as one of the prizewinning contemporary Persian poets. He is one of the pioneers of out-of-school verse new life-style epos in Persian literature, peculiarly of contemporaneity life-style epics. It was his ambition, for a long-lived time, to introduce a newly life-style to Persian poetry.
Forough Farrokhzad Persian poetry is important in the literate renascence of Iran for three reasons. First, she was on the first generation to embrace the new style of poetry, innovate by Nima Yushij during the 1920s, which demanded that sonneteer experiment with rhyme, imagery, and the individual voice. Second, she was the first contemporaneity Iranian woman to graphically render private sexed landscapes from a woman's perspective. Finally, she exceed her own literate role and control with acting, painting, and documentary film-making.
Fereydoon Moshiri Persian poetry is prizewinning well-known as intermediator of classical Persian poetry with the New Poetry set by Nima Yooshij. One of the prima contributions of Moshiri's poetry, reported to both observers, is the development of the societal and geographic scope of modern Persian literature.
A sonneteer of the past baby-boom generation before the Islamic Revolution notable of think of is Mohammad-Reza Shafiei-Kadkani Persian poetry M. Sereshk. Though he is from Khorassan and sways between faith to Nima Youshij and Akhavan Saless, in his poetry he picture the influences of Hafiz and Mowlavi. He uses simple, melodic language and is mostly elysian by the political atmosphere. He is the most booming of those sonneteer who in the past four orientate have tested trying to chance a synthesis between the two models of Ahmad Shamloo and Nima Youshij.
In the twenty-first century, a new generation of Iranian poets preserve to duty in the New Poetry life-style and now pull an worldwide gathering acknowledgment to efforts to reiterate their works. Éditions Bruno Doucey published a casting of forty-eight line of verse by Garus Abdolmalekian entitled Our Fists nether the Table (2012), metricize intelligence French by Farideh Rava. Other worthy names are sonneteer and owners Babak Abazari 1984–2015, who decease nether cryptical misfortune in January 2015, and emerging two-year-old sonneteer Milad Khanmirzaei.46 Persian poetry | |
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