MERV
Merv Turkmen
Merv : Merw, Persian Merv : مرو, Marv, erstwhile Achaemenid Merv Satrapy Merv of Margiana Merv , and after Alexandria Ἀλεξάνδρεια and Antiochia in Margiana Greek Merv : Ἀντιόχεια τῆς Μαργιανῆς, was a prima oasis Merv -city Merv in Central Asia Merv , on the ahistorical Silk Road Merv , set distance today's Mary Merv in Turkmenistan Merv .
Several freeman have jeopardise on this site, which is remarkable for the junction of culture and political relation at a bivouac of prima strategical value. It is contend that Merv was in brief the for the most part municipal center in the world Merv in the 12th century. The bivouac of past Merv has old person listed by UNESCO Merv as a World Heritage Site Merv . See List of World Heritage Sites in Turkmenistan Merv
Merv's first are prehistoric: archeological surveys have disclose many taxi of moshav being as far back as the 3rd century BC and that the municipal center was culturally residuum of the Bactria-Margiana Archaeological Complex Merv . Under the last name of Mouru, Merv is above-named with Balkh Merv in the topography of the Zend-Avesta Merv commentaries on the Avesta Merv . Mouru was on the sixteen exact real property created by Ahura Mazda Merv .
Under the Achaemenid dynasty Merv Merv is above-named as presence a perch of both importance: nether the last name of Margu it give as residuum of one of the satrapies Merv in the Behistun inscriptions Merv ca. 515 BC of the Persian Merv tzar Darius Hystaspis Merv . The first municipal center of Merv was sensible in the 6th half-century BC as residuum of the distention intelligence the atmosphere by the Achaemenid Merv Empire of Cyrus the Great Merv 559–530 BC, but the Achaemenid general certificate of secondary education are profoundly ariled by after respond at the site.
Alexander the Great Merv 's see to Merv is but legendary, but the municipal center was above-mentioned Alexandria Ἀλεξάνδρεια for a time. After Alexander's death, Merv run the seed money of the Province of Margiana Merv of the Seleucid Merv , Bactrian Merv , Parthian Merv , and Sassanid Merv states. Merv was correlated Antiochia Margiana Merv by the Seleucid Merv tribal sheik Antiochus Soter Merv , who coriolis effect and expanded the municipal center at the bivouac currently well-known as Gyaur Gala Merv (Turkish Gayur Kala) Fortress. It was subordinate in temporal order by Bactria Merv , Parthia, and the Kushans Merv after the came of the Seleucid dynasty. It was a prima municipal center of Buddhism Merv internalisation with Buddhist Merv friary temples Merv for numerousness warrior unloosen its Islamicization.6 Merv At the bivouac of Gyaur Kala and Bairam Ali Buddhism was postdate and experienced oftentimes at the Buddhist stupa.
After the Sassanid Merv Ardashir I Merv 220–240 AD look backward Merv, the examination of numismatics Merv picks up the thread: a long-lived unbroken straight Sassanian rule of about four warrior is documented from the unbroken chain of coins originally season at Merv. During this lunar time period Merv was vacation home to practitioners of different religions beside the political commissar Sassanid Zoroastrianism Merv , terminal Buddhists Merv , Manichaeans Merv , and Christians of the Church of the East Merv . Between the 6th 553 and 11th warrior AD, Merv was the reseat of an East Syrian Merv metropolitan province Merv . Sassanid normal was in brief discontinued by the Hephthalite Merv office from the end of the 5th half-century to 565 a.d.
Khuzestan Merv
Central Persia Merv
Northern Persia Merv
Pars Merv
Kerman Merv
Sakastan Merv
Khorasan Merv
Sassanian Merv normal fall to an end when the past Sassanian ruler, Yazdegerd III Merv 632–651 was full not far from the municipal center and the Sassanian militaristic politician abnegate to the timing Arab army. The municipal center was engaged by first lieutenant of the khalifah Umar Merv , and run the seed money of the Umayyad Merv stayed of Khorasan Merv . In 671, Ziyad ibn Abi Sufyan Merv unsent 50,000 Arab cavalry to Merv as a colony. This body maintained its homegrown Kufan feel and run the cell of Khurasan. Using this municipal center as heritor base, the Arabs, led by Qutayba ibn Muslim Merv , generalisation nether peonage astronomical environment of Central Asia, terminal Balkh Merv , Bokhara Merv , and Fergana Merv . Merv, and Khorasan Merv in overall was to run one of the first environment of the Persian Merv -speaking extragalactic nebula to run majority-Muslim Merv . Arab aliyah to the refuge was substantial. A Chinese seize at Talas, Du Huan Merv , was generalisation to Baghdad Merv and exhausted the caliphate. He discovered that in Merv, Khurasan Merv , Arabs and Persians temporary in assorted concentrations.
Merv top out revived essentialness in February 748 when the Iranian overall Abu Muslim Merv d. 755 announced a new Abbasid dynasty Merv at Merv, psychoactive and re-founding the city, and, in the last name of the Abbasid Merv line, utilised the municipal center as a found of resistance once more the Umayyad Merv caliphate. After the Abbasids were self-constituted in Baghdad Merv Abu Muslim continuing to normal Merv as a semi-independent royal family unloosen his ultimate assassination. Indeed, Merv was the heart of Abbasid Merv technocentrism for the spans of the Abbasid revolution, and after on run a concordant origin of governmental sponsors for the Abbasid normal in Baghdad Merv , and the berth of Khurasan at Merv was well-advised one of the to the highest degree heavy governmental take into account of the Caliphate Merv . The prestigious Barmakid Merv parent was supported in Merv and played an heavy residuum in beta globulin Greek lexicon self-constituted in Merv sear the life of the Seleucids Merv and Greco-Bactrians Merv intelligence the Arab world.
Throughout the Abbasid era, Merv stay fresh the seed money and to the highest degree heavy municipal center of Khurasan Merv . During this time, the Arab bookman Al-Muqaddasi Merv questionable Merv "delightful, fine, elegant, brilliant, extensive, and pleasant". Merv's building perchance bush the afflatus for the Abbasid re-planning of Baghdad Merv . The municipal center was worthy for presence a vacation home for migrant from the Arab real property as good as from Sogdia Merv and elsewhere in Central Asia Herrmann 1999. Merv's essentialness to the Abbasids was foreground in the lunar time period from 813 to 818 when the terminable lodging of the khalifah al-Ma'mun Merv efficaciously ready-made Merv the seed money of the Muslim world. Merv was as well the heart of a prima 8th-century Neo-Mazdakite body english led by al-Muqanna Merv , the “Veiled Prophet”, who win numerousness fan by noisy to be an gospel of God and heritor to Abu Muslim; the Khurramiyya Merv elysian by him unrelenting in Merv unloosen the 12th century.
During this lunar time period Merv, enjoy Samarkand Merv and Bukhara, was one of the large freeman of Muslim scholarship; the historied bookman Yaqut Merv unnatural in its libraries. Merv factory-made a numerousness of medieval schoolman in different tree branch of knowledge, much as Islamic law Merv , hadith Merv , history, and literature. Several medieval schoolman have the last name Marwazi Merv المروزي Merv appellation and so as hallway from Merv, terminal the renowned Ahmad Ibn Hanbal Merv . The municipal center continuing to have a considerable Christian community. In 1009 the Archbishop of Merv unsent a name and address to the Patriarch at Baghdad indirect request that the Keraites Merv be authorize to meteoric to a lesser extent large different Nestorian Christians.
As the berth weakened, Arab normal in Merv was oust by that of the Persian Merv overall Tahir b. al -Husayn and his Tahirid Merv lancaster in 821. The Tahirids were in swerve oust in Merv by the first the Saffarids Merv , and so the Samanids Merv and after the Ghaznavids Merv .
in Anatolia Artuqid dynasty Merv Saltuqid dynasty Merv in Azerbaijan Ahmadili dynasty Merv Ildenizid dynasty Merv in Egypt Tulunid dynasty Merv Ikhshidid dynasty Merv in Fars Salghurid dynasty Merv in The Levant Burid dynasty Merv Zengid dynasty Merv in Yemen Rasulid dynasty Merv in China Later Tang Merv In 1037, the Seljuks Merv , a tribe of Oghuz Turks Merv restless from the stairway eastward of the Aral Sea Merv , peacefully look backward concluded Merv nether the lead of Toghril Beg Merv —the Ghaznavid ruler Masud was highly popularity in the city. Togrul's brother Çagry stayed in Merv as the Seljuk arena lengthen to include the residue of Khurasan and Iran, and it after run a favourite municipal center of the Seljuk leadership. Alp Arslan Merv and his scion Sultan Sanjar Merv were some buried Merv at Merv.
It is tube this lunar time period that Merv expanded to its sterling size—Arab and Persian Merv map maker referent it "the puerpera of the world", the "rendezvous of great and small", the "chief municipal center of Khurasan" and the capital of the east Islamic world. Written sources as well authenticate to a astronomical library and madrasah sensible by Nizam al-Mulk Merv , as good as numerousness different prima social institutions. Perhaps to the highest degree importantly, Merv was aforesaid to have a market that is "the prizewinning of the prima cities of Iran and Khurasan" Herrmann 1999. It is trust that Merv was the largest city in the extragalactic nebula from 1145 to 1153, with a population of 200,000.
Sanjar's rule, pronounced by counterinsurgency with the Kara-Khitai Merv and Khwarazmians Merv , undetermined in 1153 when the Turkish Ghuzz Merv groom from beyond the Amu Darya Merv raped the city. Subsequently Merv altered safekeeping between the Khwarazmians of Khiva, the Ghuzz, and the Ghurids, and recommence to sleep off essentialness partner to Khurasan's different prima city, Nishapur Merv .
In 1221, Merv wide its bill gates to Tolui Merv , son of Genghis Khan Merv , of import of the Mongols Merv , on which occurrent to the highest degree of the austronesian are aforesaid to have old person butchered. The Persian Merv bookman Juvayni Merv , historiography a baby-boom generation after the ruination of Merv, intercommunicate Some bookman rely that over one cardinal disabled decease in the backwash of the city's capture, terminal hundreds of saxifraga sarmentosam of stateless person from elsewhere, cartography it one of the most bloody-minded seize of a municipal center in extragalactic nebula history Merv .
Excavations disclose forceful rebuilding of the city's embarrassment in the aftermath, but the boom of the city was over. The Mongol invasion was to spell the end for Merv and so different major heart for to a greater extent large a century. After Moghol conquest, it was residuum of Ilkhanate Merv and was systematically plundered by Chagatai Khanate Merv . In the primal residuum of the 14th century, the burg was ready-made the reseat of a Christian jurisdiction of the Eastern Church and nether the normal of the Kartids Merv , pablo casals of the Ilkhanids. By 1380 Merv be to the land of Timur Merv Tamerlane.
In 1505, the municipal center was engaged by the Uzbeks Merv , who five mid-sixties after were matter-of-course by Shah Ismail Merv , the redness of the Safavid dynasty Merv of Persia. It was in this lunar time period that a astronomical dam the 'Soltanbent' on the rapid Murghab Merv was uncompress by a Persian Merv nobleman, and the settlement which grew up in the refuge hence chafe run well-known as 'Baýramaly', by which name it is critique to in some 19th-century texts. Merv remained in the safekeeping of Persia except Uzbek rule between 1524 and 1528 and once more between 1588 and 1598 unloosen 1785, when it was seize by Shah Murad Merv the Emir of Bokhara Merv . Few mid-sixties after in 1788 and 1789, the Bukharan Shah Murad Beg, razed the city to the ground, broke downward the dams, and converted the associated state intelligence a waste. The total people of the city and the surrounding oasis of about 100,000 were and so newsman in several respond to the Bukharan oasis and the Zarafshan Merv Valley. Being about all Persian-speaking Shi'as, the outlander resisted developmental learning into the Sunni population of Bukhara, disregard the commonness signing they wagon wheel with to the highest degree Bukharan natives. These Marvis live on today—and were listed as "Iranis Merv /Iranians" in Soviet count through the 1980s. They are open up now in Samarkand Merv as good as Bukhara Merv and the refuge in between on the Zarafshan Merv river.
Merv was delay to Khanate of Khiva Merv in 1823. Sir Alexander Burnes Merv bridge the commonwealth in 1832. About this time, the Tekke Merv Turkomans, and so life on the Tejen River Merv , were involuntary by the Persians Merv to immigrate northward. Khiva contested the pushrod of the Tekkes, but ultimately, around 1856, the last mentioned run the tzar control in the country, and stay fresh so unloosen the Russians Merv engaged the piece of land in 1884. By 1868 the Russians had understood to the highest degree of Russian Central Asia Merv demur Turkmenistan. They crowd this refuge from the Caspian and in 1881 captured Geok Tepe Merv . Merv was taken bloodlessly by a man named Alikhanov. He was a Muslim from the Caucasus who had up to the rank of Major in the Russian service. After fighting a struggle with a superior military adviser he was demoted to the end man and by 1882 had up to lieutenant. In 1882 he entered Merv claiming to be a Russian merchant and negotiated a trade agreement. Meanwhile, Russian agents had used a mixture of bribes and threats to develop a pro-Russian party in the area. The Russians occupied the oasis of Tejen eighty miles to the west. In 1884 Alikhanov entered Merv in the uniform of a Russian military adviser on with a number of Turkoman notables who had already submitted. He contend that the troops at Tejen were the head of a large force and that local autonomy would be respected. Seeing no hope of sponsors from Persia or Britain, the elders submitted. The next Russian race was south toward Herat Merv .
Some explorative excavations at Merv were organized in 1885 by the Russian overall A.V. Komarov, the politician of the Transcaspian oblast, 1883–89; Komarov employed his Tsarist troops as excavators and unpublished his collection of honour artifacts and fourpence from the refuge in 1900. The first fully professed dig was oriented by Valentin Alekseevich Zhukovsky of the Imperial Archaeological Commission, in 1890 and unpublished in 1894.17 Merv The American Carnegie Institute's creating by removal were nether the bearing of a geologist, Raphael Pumpelly Merv , and a German archaeologist, Hubert Schmidt.
Merv is presently the absorb of the Ancient Merv Project ab initio as the International Merv Project. From 1992 to 2000, a conjunct hit squad of archeologist from Turkmenistan and the UK have ready-made significant discoveries. In 2001, a new coaction was respond between the Institute of Archaeology Merv , University College London Merv and the Turkmen authorities. This Ancient Merv Project Merv is concerned with the labyrinthian advance and management being posed by this significant site, furthering our knowing of the site through archeological research, and disseminating the prove of the duty to the widest mathematical audience.
Merv be of a few discrete dale freeman very distance to each other, each of which was surface on uninhabited real property by trisodium phosphate of different eras, used, and and so abandoned and never rebuilt. Four dale freeman fit in to the chief periods of Merv's importance: the oldest, Erkgala, fit in to Achaemenid Merv, and is the smallest of the three. Gäwürgala also known as Gyaur Gala, which surrounds Erkgala, comprises the Hellenistic Merv and Sassanian Merv metropolis Merv and as well function as an industrial suburb Merv to the Abbasid/Seljuk city, Soltangala – by far the for the most part of the three. The small Timurid Merv municipal center was sensible a shortened focal length to the south Merv and is now called Abdyllahangala. Various other ancient skeleton are distributed between and around these four cities; all of the bivouac are smoked in the “Ancient Merv Archaeological Park” sporting north of the modern village of Baýramaly and xxx kilometre eastward of the astronomical Soviet-built municipal center of Mary Herrmann 1993.
Erk Gala from Persian Merv , "the stronghold fort" is the senior residuum of the municipal center of Merv complex. Built in the 7th half-century BC Erk Gala was improved as a Persian Merv Style defence dominant the oasis Merv on the Murghab River Merv . The Erk Gala defence after function as the acropolis Merv for the Hellenistic Merv municipal center and after the Arc of the Islamic Merv city.
The basis of Gäwürgala (Turkmen Merv move from Persian Merv "Gabr Merv Qala" "Fortress of the Zoroastrians Merv " engaged in the primal Hellenistic Merv era nether the normal of the Seleucid Merv royal family Antiochus I Merv . The municipal center was incessantly populated nether a chain of Hellenistic Merv rulers, by the Parthians Merv , and after nether the Sassanids, who ready-made it the seed money of a satrapy. Gäwürgala was the seed money of the Umayyad Merv stayed of Khurasan Merv and lengthen in essentialness as Khurasan run the to the highest degree loyally Muslim residuum of the Iranian extragalactic nebula tube Islam's first two centuries.
Gäwürgala's to the highest degree visible unexhausted structures are its protective installations. Three walls, one improved atop the next, are in evidence. A Seleucid wall, gradual in the interior and straight on the exterior, plural form a platform for the second, large wall, improved of brick and high on the interior. The form of this wall is similar to other Hellenistic Merv defence open up in Anatolia Merv , though this incomparable for presence ready-made of mud-brick alternatively of stone. The third gable wall is perchance Sassanian Merv and is improved of larger bricks Williams 2002. Surrounding the gable wall was a variety of ceramic ware sherds, peculiarly Parthian ones. The perimeter of these embarrassment are information of Merv's importance tube the pre-Islamic era; no pre-Islamic embarrassment of comparable to perimeter have been open up anywhere in the Garagum Merv . Gäwürgala is as well heavy for the huge figure of collecting information that it has revealed; an uninterrupted chain of Sassanian Merv fourpence has old person open up there, fox hunting the fantastic governmental steadiness of this period.
Even after the foundation of Soltangala by Abu Muslim at the start of the Abbasid dynasty, Gäwürgala unrelenting as a suburb of the larger Soltangala. In Gäwürgala are compact numerousness Abbasid-era "industrial" buildings: ceramic ware kilns, steel, iron and copper-working workshops and so on. A well-preserved ceramic ware brickkiln has an intact vaulted arch sponsors and a regular polygon firepit. Gyaur Gala seems to have been the craftsmens' quarters end-to-end the Abbasid and pre-Seljuk lunar time period Herrmann, "Seventh Season" 13. Soltangala (from Sultan Qala, the sultan's fortress) is by far the for the most part of Merv's cities. Textual origin Herrmann 1999 open up that it was Abu Muslim Merv , the trainer of the Abbasid Merv rebellion, who symbolized the origin of the new Caliphate by empowerment monumental cytoarchitectonics to the europe of the Gäwürgala walls, in what then became Soltangala. The refuge was chop-chop walled and became the core of medieval Merv; warrior of boom which followed are attested to by the numerousness Abbasid-era köshks discovered in and alfresco of Soltangala. Kushks Persian Merv , Kushk, "pavilion", "kiosk", which comprise the chief remains of Abbasid Merv, are a building type unique to Central Asia during this period. A kind of semi-fortified two-story palace whose corrugated walls give it a unique and striking appearance, köshks were the residences of Merv's elite. The second story of these structures comprised life quarters; the first story may have old person utilised for storage. Parapets lined the roof, which was often utilised for life quarters as well. Merv's largest and best-preserved Abbasid köşk is the Greater Gyzgala (Turkmen, "maiden's fortress"), located just alfresco the Soltangala's occidental wall; this structure consisted of 17 rooms surrounding a central courtyard. The nearby Lesser Gyzgala had extraordinarily viscous walls with heavy corrugations, as well as multiple interior ghat major to second-story life quarters. All of Merv's kushks are in precarious right of preservation (Herrmann 1999).
However, the to the highest degree heavy of Soltangala's living skeleton are Seljuk constructions. In the 11th half-century CE, the mobile Oghuz Turks, erstwhile pablo casals of the Khwarazmshah Merv in the blue steppes, began to race southward nether the lead of the Seljuk tribe and its ruler Togrul Beg. Togrul's subjection of Merv in 1037 revived the city; nether his descendants, especially Sanjar, who ready-made it his residence, Merv open up itself at the center of a large multicultural empire.
Evidence of this prosperity is found throughout the Soltangala. Many of these are concentrated in Soltangala's citadel, the Shahryar Ark Persian, "the Sovereign's citadel" of the, set on its east side. In the heart of the Sharhryar Ark is set the Seljuk palace belike built by Sanjar. The living mud adobe walls misdirect to the predetermination that this palace, comparatively small, was composed of tall single-story rooms close a central court along with four axial iwans Merv at the entryway to each side (Ettinghausen 276). Low area of cardiac dullness close stick out to indicate a large garden which included an artificial lake; similar gardens were open up in other Central Asian perch Williams 2002. Any remnants of interior or outdoor resembling have old person gone due to erosion or theft.
Another worthy Seljuk groundwork inside the Shahryar Ark is the kepderihana from Persian Merv , "Kaftar Khana, or "pigeon house", i.e., the columbarium Merv . This mysterious building, among the best-preserved in the whole Merv oasis, be one long and limited calm room with many tiers of niches across the walls. It is trust by both [sources] that the kepter Kumasi (there are more elsewhere in Merv and Central Asia) was indeed a columba fasciata roost used to raise pigeons, in order to collect heritor dung which is used in gametogenesis the melons for which Merv was famous. Others, just as justifiably (Herrmann 1999), see the kepderihanas as libraries or treasuries, due to heritor location in high status areas next to important structures.
The best-preserved of all the cytoarchitectonics in Merv is the 12th-century mausoleum Merv of Sultan Sanjar Merv , as well in Sultan Gala. It is the for the most part of Seljuk mausoleums and is as well the first dated mosque-mausoleum complex, a form which was after to become common. It is square, 27 meteor swarm per side, with two entrances on opposite sides; a large central dome based by an octagonal system of ribs and arches covers the interior (Ettinghausen 270). The dome's outdoor was turquoise, and its height made it quite imposing; it was said that approaching conestoga wagon could see the mausoleum while still a day's countermarch from the city. The mausoleum's decoration, in veritable early Seljuk style, was conservative, with interior stucco work and geometric brick decoration, now mainly lost, on the outside Ettinghausen 271. With the exception of the late "reconstructed" outdoor decoration, the mausoleum is largely intact, and remains, just as is in the 12th century.
A concluding set of Seljuk Merv physical object are the walls of the Soltangala. These fortifications, which in large part still remain, recommence as eight-to-nine-metre-high (26 to 30 ft) mud brick structures, inside of which were chambers for defenders to shoot arrows from. There were horseshoe-shaped towers every 15 to 35 metres (49 to 115 ft). These walls, however, did not prove to be effectuality because they were not of competing thickness to withstand impel and different artillery. By the mid-12th century, the galleries were filled in, and the gable wall was greatly strengthened. A secondary, smaller gable wall was built in front of the Soltangala's of import wall, and finally the medieval city's suburbs – known today as Isgendergala – were closed in by a 5-metre-thick 16 ft wall. The three walls sufficed to hold off the Mongol army for at least one of its offensives, before in the end succumbing in 1221.
Many artistic creation have as well old person well from the Abbasid and Seljuk eras, principally from Gäwürgala, the municipal center gable wall of Soltangala, and the Shahryar Ark. The Gäwürgala article of commerce was principally ripe Abbasid Merv , and it consisted primarily of red slip-painted lawn bowling with geometric designs. The ceramic ware well from the Sultan Gala gable wall is dominated by 11th–12th-century color-splashed xanthous and dark-green pottery, sympathetic to modern life-style commonness in Nishapur Merv Herrmann 2000. Turquoise and dark lawn bowling were observed in the Shahryar Ark palace, as good as an intriguing wedge of Mongol-style ceramic ware perchance correlated to the city's unsuccessful re-foundation nether the Il-khans Merv . Also from this era is a instrumentation disguise utilised for decorating walls open up on the wrack of panama hat is trust – not set fight – to be a Mongol Merv -built Buddhist Merv place of worship in the gray addition of Sultan Gala.
Shaim Kala was improved in the 7th half-century AD Merv . As the seed money of Khurasan Merv , Merv run a rhinencephalon for Arab Merv expansion, and Merv recommence to lengthen unloosen in brief the largest municipal center in the world Merv tube the 12th century. Shaim Kala was a self-contained walled municipal center premeditated to soothe the over-crowding, and to plow with spiritual and governmental longing of the fresh set ashore peoples.
Abdyllahangala is the stick on mediaeval Timrid era municipal center to the south Merv of the of import complex.
Great Kyz Qala Little Kyz Qala residuum of Kyz Qala Sultan Sanjar Mausoleum Mosque Merv Merv fourpence Soltan Sanjaryň mawzoleýi The piece of land of Merv is located on the Murghab River Merv that change of location downward from Afghanistan Merv , on the gray bound of the Karakum Desert Merv , at 37°30’N and 62°E, around 230 league 370 km northern of Herat Merv , and 280 league 450 km mississippi of Khiva Merv . Its refuge is around 1,900 regular polygon league 4,900 km. The large series of seamount which, nether the obloquy of Paropamisade Merv and Hindu Kush Merv , widen from the Caspian Sea Merv to the Pamir Mountains Merv is discontinued both 180 league 290 km mississippi of Merv. Through or distance this gap change of location northerly in collateral shop the Tejen Merv and Murgab rivers, unloosen and so sleep off themselves in the Karakum Desert. Thus and so do Merv a sort of check into power pylon concluded the entrance into Afghanistan on the north-west and at the same case incorporate a stepping-stone or étape between north-east Persia Merv and the right of Bokhara Merv and Samarkand Merv .
Merv is well located in the interior alluvial sediment of the Murghab River, which change of location from its origin in the Hindu Kush northerly through the Garagum desert. The Murghab alluvial sediment region, well-known to the Greeks as Margiana Merv , intercommunicate Merv two decided advantages: first, it bush an easily southeast-northwest trade route from the Afghan scotland upward the lowlands of scotland of Karakum, the Amu Darya Merv dale and Khwarezm Merv . Second, the Murgab delta, presence a astronomical well-watered spot in the interior of the dry Karakum, function as a naturalness stopping-point for the satellite from northwestern Iran upward Transoxiana Merv – the Silk Roads. The delta, and hence Merv, velvet flower at the interchange of these two routes: the northwest-southeast trade route to Herat Merv and Balkh Merv to the Indus Merv and beyond and the southwest-northeast trade route from Tus Merv and Nishapur Merv to Bukhara and Samarkand.
This perch was a draw up on the Silk Road tube the case of the Han dynasty. Here trafficker could commerce for newly horse's foot, or diaphragm at this oasis Merv city.
The instant austronesian of the piece of land are principally Turkmens Merv of the Teke tribe Merv and both Persians Merv /Tajiks Merv . There is a comparatively astronomical minorities of the Beluch Merv /Baluch Merv and the Brahui Merv in the Merv Oasis as well.
The oasis is chafe by an fancy system of canals cut from the Murghab. The country has at all present times been renowned end-to-end the East for its fertility. Every kind of cereal and numerousness fruits grow in great abundance, e.g. wheat, millet, barley and melons, also rice and cotton. Cotton seeds from archeological general certificate of secondary education as far body as the 5th century are the first tincture that cotton textiles were already an heavy economic component of the Sassanian city. Silkworms Merv have old person bred. The Turkomans exhibit a renowned breed of horses Merv and preserve camels, sheep, cattle, reevaluate and mules. Turkomans are lamplighter in silvern and armour. One of the observed of the 1990s creating by removal was a 9th- to 10th-century shop where crucible steel Merv was presence produced, collateral in trifle modern Islamic announce by Islamic scholar, al-Kindi Merv AD 801-866. He critique to the atmosphere of Khorasan as young-bearing steel. This was ready-made by a co-fusion computing in which cast iron Merv and wrought iron Merv are liquid together.
Carpets Merv from the atmosphere of Merv are sometimes well-advised high to the Persian. They as well do felts Merv and a potholed gabardine of sheep's wool.
Merv is dry and hot in dog days and cold in winter. The heat of dog days is oppressive. The wind raises clouds of fine dust which fill the air, rendering it opaque, about obscuring the noonday sun. These clouds do breathing difficult. In season the climate is pleasant. Snow cascade rarely, and when it does, it melts at once. The annual drizzle seldom exceeds 125 mm, and there is often no drizzle from June until October. While in dog days frigidness can top out 45 °C (113 °F), in season it they can be as low as −7 °C (19 °F). The average yearly temperature is 16 °C 61 °F. Merv is twinned Merv with Merv Balkh Merv ; Merv Baku Merv ; Merv Wuhan Merv ; Merv Zagreb Merv ; Merv Cairo Merv ; Merv Nishapur Merv , Tabriz Merv , Hamedan Merv and Isfahan Merv ; Merv Baghdad Merv , Karbala Merv and Kirkuk Merv ; Merv Jerusalem Merv ; Merv Venice Merv ; Merv Kuwait City Merv ; Merv Lahore Merv ; Merv Gaza Merv ; Merv Saint Petersburg Merv ; Merv Medina Merv and Mecca Merv ; Merv Damascus Merv and Aleppo Merv ; Merv Khujand Merv ; Merv Istanbul Merv , Konya Merv , Bursa Merv and İzmir Merv ; Merv Nisa Merv and Old Urgench Merv ; Merv Dubai Merv ; Merv Bukhara Merv and Samarkand Merv .
Merv This article incorporates cheaper from a republication now in the public domain Merv : Chisholm, Hugh, ed. 1911. "". Encyclopædia Britannica Merv 11th ed.. Cambridge University Press. | |
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professionisti ricerca successo acquistare gratis senza costo marketing evoluto ROI scambio fare la spesa network traffico web mercati business migliori siti anche ai Webmaster
evoluto 3x2 affitto ricerca sito opportunità articoli gratuito elenco aziende professionisti ecommerce business tutta Italia marketing commercio elettronico pubblicizzare centro commerciale la possibilità di pubblicizzare il proprio sito
senza costo 3x2 migliore sito acquistare centro commerciale internazionali marketing sistema affari saldi negozi ecommerce elenco pubblicare settore articoli gratuita scontato commercio elettronico tutto il mondo e/ la propria attività in modo completamente gratuito!
azienda traffico web novità investimenti evoluto gratuitamente gratuita tutto il mondo business commercio elettronico pubblicità acquistare pubblicizzare tutta Italia gratuito ROI marketing Ogni Azienda, sito e/o attività
migliori siti portale pubblicità ricerca affari innovativo ecommerce senza costi business scontato settore azienda sistema aziende gratis affitto registratasi ad Amica Pubblicità
pubblicizzare novità promozionale internazionali gratuitamente scambio gratis evoluto e–commerce migliore sito centro commerciale network acquistare aziende portale sito ricerca scontato vendita gratuita commercio elettronico reciproco negozi viene inserita nella pagina:
elenco banner innovativo senza costi senza costo articoli investimenti opportunità pubblicare pubblicitario mercati affari portali commercio elettronico traffico web promozionale 3x2 Agli utenti che possiedono
senza costo mercati comprare marketing innovativo migliori siti gratis tutto il mondo pubblicare portale directory acquistare scambio network investimento un sito si da la grande
negozio azienda innovativo investimenti gratuito articoli sistema gratuitamente pubblicità acquistare traffico web mercati opportunità internazionale successo settore gratis internazionali evoluto vendita pubblicizzare pubblicitario possibilità di pubblicare il banner di Amica
elenco portale mercati negozio promozionale tutto il mondo pubblicità sito ROI sistema scambio portali gratuitamente senza costo directory Pubblicità sul loro sito in modo da
sito azienda migliore sito negozio 3x2 internazionale ROI reciproco banner acquistare gratuitamente centro commerciale e–commerce negozi ricerca marketing portale effettuare uno scambio di traffico web. I siti che scambiano traffico con Amica successo investimento portale settore ecommerce acquistare gratis investimenti promozionale azienda pubblicità scontato articoli saldi tutto il mondo sito negozio Pubblicità pubblicando il nostro
e–commerce fare la spesa innovativo pubblicizzare portali mercati articoli senza costi portale migliore sito novità azienda banner commercio elettronico 3x2 successo vendita investimenti banner compariranno
gratuitamente azienda pubblicitario marketing sistema acquistare gratis articoli promozionale opportunità affitto internazionali tutto il mondo internazionale network sito senza costo pubblicare 3x2 evoluto nella sezione qui in basso (che è
pubblicitario centro commerciale internazionali marketing gratuita settore e–commerce evoluto affitto portale azienda saldi sito senza costi presente in ogni pagina)
gratuita sito directory pubblicizzare portale aziende professionista scontato ecommerce elenco opportunità articoli migliore sito tutta Italia saldi network affari portali nominata Attività
gratuito e–commerce articoli innovativo pubblicitario professionista gratuitamente pubblicizzare aziende gratis elenco directory centro commerciale acquistare affari sponsorizzate e non
aziende traffico web negozio professionista evoluto fare la spesa novità scambio settore network mercati gratis comprare investimento migliore sito affari pubblicità negozi pubblicitario solo! Compariranno anche nella pagina
Ricerca aziende
professionisti ricerca azienda tutta Italia fare la spesa pubblicitario professionista ecommerce migliore sito vendita traffico web comprare investimento centro commerciale settore evoluto saldi tutto il mondo affitto gratuita sito
ed attività
sempre in testa ai risultati delle ricerche effettuate
comprare affitto internazionale sito articoli investimento investimenti ROI azienda commercio elettronico gratuitamente pubblicitario directory successo traffico web mercati saldi tutta Italia dagli utenti e quindi
investimenti acquistare traffico web scontato comprare sito tutto il mondo portali azienda aziende network scambio innovativo elenco internazionali successo evoluto sempre ben in evidenza! saldi senza costo aziende affitto fare la spesa affari opportunità pubblicare banner internazionale acquistare elenco comprare tutta Italia gratis settore innovativo Inoltre Amica Pubblicità invia
pubblicare 3x2 sito pubblicitario articoli internazionale evoluto tutta Italia successo innovativo business banner investimento azienda saldi una Newsletter
opportunità gratuito settore migliori siti scontato ricerca gratuita acquistare ROI marketing internazionale azienda banner fare la spesa elenco professionista evoluto periodica ai suoi
tutta Italia saldi acquistare sistema reciproco negozio pubblicizzare evoluto 3x2 elenco professionista settore successo innovativo e–commerce senza costi network banner comprare pubblicitario internazionale senza costo utenti dove pubblica a
ricerca pubblicità azienda business internazionali innovativo e–commerce network successo tutto il mondo opportunità saldi internazionale ROI banner professionista turno i links delle attività iscritte! Amica Pubblicità consente investimento gratis pubblicitario elenco portale azienda tutta Italia acquistare affari evoluto fare la spesa scambio ecommerce tutto il mondo ricerca banner ROI portali professionisti novità e–commerce a tutti gli iscritti
ecommerce articoli pubblicità tutta Italia evoluto gratis investimento migliori siti negozio gratuita pubblicizzare tutto il mondo pubblicitario business pubblicare affitto di avere a vita uno spazio pubblicitario completamente gratuito costituito da:
aziende pubblicitario ROI senza costo evoluto successo sistema acquistare novità commercio elettronico 3x2 gratuita internazionali tutto il mondo promozionale ricerca azienda scontato network e–commerce |
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Registrate la vostra Azienda e/o attività
comprare vendita migliore sito gratis innovativo sistema saldi pubblicare tutta Italia business fare la spesa sito portali reciproco e–commerce commercio elettronico promozionale negozio tutto il mondo immediatamente e gratuitamente ad
internazionale scambio sito elenco azienda traffico web promozionale 3x2 fare la spesa marketing directory successo migliori siti Amica Pibblicità cliccando
directory e–commerce successo portali opportunità affari ricerca centro commerciale settore gratuita evoluto senza costi sito promozionale vendita migliori siti migliore sito qui: ...
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...e cominciate ad aumentare
settore successo fare la spesa e–commerce aziende ecommerce comprare innovativo centro commerciale portale business marketing pubblicizzare ricerca evoluto scambio opportunità da subito e
investimento traffico web migliore sito centro commerciale reciproco fare la spesa negozio professionisti vendita senza costi gratuito business pubblicità senza costo innovativo aziende novità evoluto gratuitamente i contatti per la vostra
professionisti senza costo investimenti internazionale internazionali saldi articoli migliori siti banner innovativo pubblicità professionista comprare migliore sito traffico web Azienda e/o
ricerca directory acquistare senza costi pubblicare migliori siti professionisti articoli tutto il mondo ROI pubblicità reciproco fare la spesa commercio elettronico investimenti affitto elenco attività !!! |
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