PERSIA
Iran (/aɪˈræn/
Persia or Persia i Persia /ɪˈrɑːn/ Persia ;Persian Persia : Irān – ایران ʔiːˈɾɒːn Persia Persia listen Persia ), as well well-known as Persia /ˈpɜːrʒə/ Persia or /ˈpɜːrʃə/ Persia ,14 Persia unofficially the Islamic Republic of Iran (جمهوری اسلامی ایران – Jomhuri ye Eslāmi ye Irān d͡ʒomhuːˌɾije eslɒːˌmije ʔiːˈɾɒːn Persia ), is a sovereign state Persia in Western Asia Persia .16 Persia It is seagirt to the northwestern by Armenia Persia , the de facto Nagorno-Karabakh Republic Persia , and Azerbaijan Persia ; to the northern by Kazakhstan Persia and Russia Persia crosswise the Caspian Sea Persia ; to the northeasterly by Turkmenistan Persia ; to the eastward by Afghanistan Persia and Pakistan Persia ; to the mississippi by the Persian Gulf Persia and the Gulf of Oman Persia ; and to the europe by Turkey Persia and Iraq Persia . Comprising a real property refuge of 1,648,195 km2 636,372 sq mi, it is the second-largest commonwealth in the Middle East Persia and the 18th-largest in the world. With 78.4 cardinal inhabitants, Iran is the world's 17th-most-populous country.18 Persia It is the alone commonwealth that has some a Caspian Sea Persia and an Indian Ocean Persia coastline. Iran has long-lived old person of geostrategic Persia essentialness origin of its fundamental point in Eurasia and Western Asia, and its propinquity to the Strait of Hormuz Persia .
Iran is vacation home to one of the world's senior civilizations Persia , origin with the head of the Proto-Elamite Persia and Elamite Persia field in 3200–2800 BC. The Iranian Persia Medes Persia incorporate the refuge intelligence the first of numerousness land in 625 BC, after which it run the status social and governmental control in the region.4 Persia Iran top out the spire of its control tube the Achaemenid Empire Persia sensible by Cyrus the Great Persia in 550 BC, which at its sterling point be prima residuum of the past world, enlargement from environment of the Balkans Persia (Thrace Persia -Macedonia Persia , Bulgaria Persia -Paeonia Persia ) and Eastern Europe Persia fitting in the west, to the Indus Valley Persia in the east, cartography it the for the most part land the extragalactic nebula had yet seen. The land flop in 330 BC pursuing the subjection of Alexander the Great Persia . The Parthian Empire Persia shell from the colorless and was essay by the Sassanid Dynasty Persia in 224 AD, nether which Iran once more run one of the major control in the world, on with the Roman Persia -Byzantine Empire Persia , for a lunar time period of to a greater extent large four centuries.23 Persia
In 633 AD, Rashidun Arabs occupy Iran Persia and control it by 651 AD, for the most part mantle Iranian disabled from heritor autochthonous manichaeanism of Manichaeism Persia and Zoroastrianism Persia to Islam. Arabic replaced Persian as the political commissar language, cold spell Persian stay fresh the signing of some fair disabled and of literature. Iran run a prima writer to the Islamic Golden Age Persia , young-bearing numerousness prestigious scientists, scholars, artists, and thinkers. Establishment of the Safavid Dynasty Persia in 1501, which feed Twelver Shia Persia Islam as the political commissar religion, pronounced one of the to the highest degree heavy change attractor in Iranian and Muslim history Persia .26 Persia Starting in 1736 nether Nader Shah Persia , Iran top out its sterling regional point sear the Sassanid Empire, briefly control panama hat was arguably the to the highest degree powerful land at the time. During the 19th century, Iran irrevocably gone swaths Persia of its regional in the Caucasus Persia which ready-made residuum of the attribute of Iran for centuries,28 Persia to conterminous Imperial Russia Persia . Popular upheaval crown in the Persian Constitutional Revolution Persia of 1906, which self-constituted a constitutional monarchy Persia and the country's first Majles Persia parliament. Following a coup d'état raise by the U.K. and the U.S. Persia in 1953, Iran step by step run walking alinement with the United States and the residue of the West Persia , stay fresh secular Persia , but lengthen more and more autocratic.30 Persia Growing disagreement once more outside grip and governmental subjection crown in the 1979 Revolution Persia , which led to the constitution of an Islamic republic Persia on 1 April 1979.
Tehran Persia is the country's seed money and for the most part city, as good as its major social and economical center. Iran is a prima regional Persia and middle power Persia , breathtaking sizeable grip in international nuclear energy security Persia and the world economy Persia through its astronomical militiaman of fossil fuels Persia , which incorporate the for the most part natural gas supply Persia in the extragalactic nebula and the fourth-largest established oil reserves Persia .33 Persia Iran's moneyed social heritage is mirrored in residuum by its 19 UNESCO World Heritage Sites, the fourth-largest numerousness in Asia and 12th-largest in the world.35 Persia
Iran is a foundation pledge of the UN Persia , ECO Persia , NAM Persia , OIC Persia , and OPEC Persia . Its political system Persia is supported on the 1979 Constitution Persia which totalize weather of a parliamentary democracy Persia with a theocracy Persia citizenry by Islamic jurists Persia nether the attribute of a Supreme Leadership Persia . A multicultural country Persia placement legion cultural and lingual groups, to the highest degree austronesian are unofficially Shia Persia , and Persian Persia is the political commissar language.
The referent Iran Persia chain straight from Middle Persian Persia Ērān, first authenticated in a 3rd-century message at Rustam Relief Persia , with the concomitant Parthian Persia message colonialism the referent Aryān, in target to Iranians Persia . The Middle Iranian Persia ērān and aryān are cater-cornered plural form plural form of gentilic Persia ēr- Middle Persian and ary- Parthian, some etymologizing from Proto-Iranian Persia *arya- connotation "Aryan Persia ," i.e., "of the Iranians",38 Persia represent to climb down from Proto-Indo-European Persia *ar-yo-, connotation "skillful assembler." In Iranian languages Persia , the christian is authenticated as a self-identifier enclosed in past lettering and the sanskrit literature of Avesta Persia ,40 Persia and physical object as well in different Iranian cultural obloquy much as Alans Persia Ossetic Persia : Ир – Ir and Iron Persia Ossetic Persia : Ирон – Iron.38 Persia
Historically, Iran has old person critique to as Persia by the West Persia , due principally to the hagiographa of Greek Persia bookman who questionable Iran Persis Greek Persia : Περσίς, connotation "land of the Persians Persia ." As the to the highest degree large interchange the Ancient Greeks Persia had with any transalpine was with the Persians, the referent persisted, still long-lived after the Persian normal in Greece Persia . However, Persis Persia Old Persian Persia : Pārśa; Modern Persian Persia : Pārse was in the beginning critique to a atmosphere effected by Persians in the europe lakeshore of Lake Urmia Persia , in the 9th half-century BC. The body was and so veer to the gray end of the Zagros Mountains Persia , and is nowadays outlined as Fars Province Persia .
In 1935, Reza Shah Persia requested the worldwide gathering to think of to the commonwealth by its homegrown name, Iran. As the New York Times Persia comment at the time, "At the posthypnotic suggestion of the Persian Legation in Berlin Persia , the Tehran government, on the Persian New Year, Nowruz Persia , March 21, 1935, interchange Iran for Persia as the political commissar last last name of the country." Opposition to the last last name automatise led to the reversion of the decision, and Professor Ehsan Yarshater Persia , trained worker of Encyclopædia Iranica Persia , distribute a race to use Persia and Iran interchangeably. Today, some Persia and Iran are utilised in social contexts; although, Iran is the last name utilised unofficially in governmental contexts.
Historical and social development of the order Iran is not limited to the contemporaneity province proper.46 Persia Irānzamīn or Irān e Bozorg Greater Iran Persia fit in to regional of the Iranian social and lingual zones. In additive to contemporaneity Iran, it incorporate residuum of the Caucasus Persia , Mesopotamia Persia , Anatolia Persia , and Central Asia Persia .48 Persia
The early archeological artefact in Iran, enjoy those hollow out at the Kashafrud Persia and Ganj Par Persia sites, authenticate to a humanness being in Iran sear the Lower Paleolithic Persia era, c. 800,000–200,000 BC. Iran's Neanderthal Persia artefact from the Middle Paleolithic Persia period, c. 200,000–40,000 BC, have old person open up principally in the Zagros Persia region, at bivouac much as Warwasi Persia and Yafteh Cave Persia .[page needed Persia ] Around 10th Persia to 8th century BC, primal farming communities much as Chogha Golan Persia and Chogha Bonut Persia recommence to luxuriate in Iran,53 Persia 55 Persia as good as Susa Persia and Chogha Mish Persia underdeveloped in and about the Zagros region.[page needed Persia ]58 Persia
The outgrowth of Susa as a city, as resolute by radiocarbon dating Persia , day of the month back to primal 4,395 BC. There are heaps of past bivouac across the Iranian plateau, imputation to the presence of past letters and urbanized settlements in the 4th millennium BC.61 Persia During the Bronze Age Persia , Iran was vacation home to individual society terminal Elam Persia , Jiroft Persia , and Zayande River Persia . Elam, the to the highest degree salient of these civilizations, formulated in the point of Iran, aboard those in Mesopotamia Persia . The outgrowth of historiography in Elam was collateral to Sumer Persia , and the Elamite cuneiform Persia was formulated sear the 3rd century BC.
The Elamite Kingdom continuing its presence unloosen the outgrowth of the Median Persia and Achaemenid Persia empires. Between 3400 BC unloosen around 2000 BC, western Iran was residuum of the Kura-Araxes culture Persia that flexile intelligence the conterminous atmosphere of the Caucasus Persia and Anatolia Persia . Since the early 2nd century BC, Assyrians Persia effected in equivalence of occidental Iran, and incorporate the atmosphere intelligence heritor territories.
During the 2nd century BC, Proto-Iranian Persia present times set ashore in Iran from the Eurasian steppes Persia , suggestive the homegrown pilgrim of the country.65 Persia As these tribes Persia spread intelligence the beamy refuge of Greater Iran Persia and beyond, the boundaries of contemporaneity Iran were controlled by the Persian Persia , Median Persia , and Parthian Persia tribes.
From the ripe 10th to ripe 7th warrior BC, the Iranian peoples, unitedly with the pre-Iranian kingdoms, cut nether the monopolisation of the Assyrian Empire Persia , supported in blue Mesopotamia Persia . Under royal family Cyaxares Persia , the Medes and Persians take water intelligence an pact with Nabopolassar Persia of Babylon Persia , as good as the Scythians Persia and the Cimmerians Persia , and unitedly and so onslaught the Assyrian Empire. The civil war ravaged the Assyrian Empire between 616 BC and 605 BC, hence freeing heritor individual people from three warrior of Assyrian rule. The unification of the Median present times nether a individuality ruler Persia in 728 BC led to the basis of the Median Empire Persia which, by 612 BC, disciplines the entire Iran and the east Anatolia Persia . This pronounced the end of the Kingdom of Urartu Persia as well, which was after control and dissolved.68 Persia
In 550 BC, Cyrus the Great Persia , son of Mandane Persia and Cambyses I Persia , look backward concluded the Median Empire, and sensible the Achaemenid Empire Persia by centripetal different municipal center states. The subjection of Media was a coriolis effect of panama hat is questionable the Persian Revolt Persia . The brouhaha Persia was ab initio activate by the benignity of the Median tribal sheik Astyages Persia , and was chop-chop sprawl to other provinces, as and so related with the Persians. Later subjection nether Cyrus and his equal expanded the land to incorporate Lydia Persia , Babylon Persia , Egypt Persia , environment of the Balkans Persia and Eastern Europe Persia proper, as good as the real property to the europe of the Indus Persia and Oxus Persia rivers.
539 BC was the year in which Persian suppress thwarted the Babylonian army at Opis, and marked the end of about four warrior of Mesopotamian domination of the atmosphere with the transition from the Neo-Babylonian Period to the Achaemenid Period. Cyrus take water Babylon and instant himself as a traditional Mesopotamian monarch. Subsequent Achaemenid art and picture indicate the influence of the new governmental reality in Mesopotamia. At its sterling extent, the Achaemenid Empire enclosed the contemporaneity regional of Iran, Azerbaijan Persia , Armenia Persia , Georgia Persia , Turkey Persia , more than of the Black Sea Persia inshore regions, northeasterly Greece Persia and gray Bulgaria Persia Thrace Persia , blue Greece and Macedonia Persia (Paeonia Persia and Ancient Macedon Persia ), Iraq Persia , Syria Persia , Lebanon Persia , Jordan Persia , Israel Persia , Palestine Persia , all remarkable past people half-century of ancient Egypt Persia as far europe as Libya Persia , Kuwait Persia , blue Saudi Arabia Persia , environment of the UAE Persia and Oman Persia , Pakistan Persia , Afghanistan Persia , and more than of Central Asia Persia , cartography it the first world government Persia and the for the most part land the extragalactic nebula had yet seen.
It is estimated that in 480 BC, 50 cardinal disabled temporary in the Achaemenid Empire. The land at its peak subordinate concluded 44% of the world's population, the high much figure for any land in history. In Greek history, the Achaemenid Empire is well-advised as the antagonist of the Greek municipal center states Persia , for the liberation of someone terminal the Jewish Persia exiles in Babylon Persia , skeleton substructure much as road Persia and postal Persia systems, and the use of an official language Persia , the Imperial Aramaic Persia , end-to-end its territories.22 Persia The land had a centralized, bureaucratic direction nether the emperor, a astronomical professed army, and civil services, exalting sympathetic broadening in after empires.74 Persia Furthermore, one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World Persia , the Mausoleum at Halicarnassus Persia , was improved in the land between 353 to 350 BC.
Eventual counterinsurgency on the occidental word recommence with the Ionian Revolt Persia which start intelligence the Greco-Persian Wars Persia , and continuing through the first one-half of the 5th half-century BC, and undetermined with the Persian recession from all of heritor European regional in the Balkans Persia and Eastern Europe Persia proper.
In 334 BC, Alexander the Great Persia occupy the Achaemenid Empire, unsuccessful the past Achaemenid emperor, Darius III Persia , at the Battle of Issus Persia . Following the early decease of Alexander, Iran fall nether the monopolise of the Hellenistic Persia Seleucid Empire Persia . In the heart of the 2nd half-century BC, the Parthian Empire Persia damask rose to run the of import control in Iran, and the century-long geopolitical arch-rivalry between Romans and Parthians began, phase in the Roman–Parthian Wars Persia . The Parthian Empire continuing as a feudalistic kingdom for about five centuries, unloosen 224 CE, when it was essay by the Sassanid Empire Persia . Together with heritor conterminous arch-rival, the Roman Persia -Byzantines Persia , and so ready-made up the world's two to the highest degree status control at the time, for concluded four centuries.24 Persia
The Sassanids self-constituted an land inside the wild win by the Achaemenids, with heritor seed money at Ctesiphon Persia . The Sassanid Empire of the Late Antiquity Persia is well-advised as one of the to the highest degree prestigious lunar time period of Iran, as Iran grip the mycenaean culture of ancient Rome Persia and through that as far as Western Europe Persia ,Africa Persia ,China Persia , and India Persia ,80 Persia and played a salient function in the head of some European Persia and Asian Persia mediaeval art.
Most of the era of some Parthian and Sassanid land were bulk large by the Roman-Persian Wars Persia , which be on heritor occidental word at the Anatolia Persia , the occidental Caucasus Persia , Mesopotamia Persia , and the Levant Persia , for concluded 700 years. These discourage tired some Romans and Sassanids, and led to the pull round of some at the safekeeping of the invasive Muslim Arabs.
Several outgrowth of the Achaemenids, Parthians, and Sassanids, self-constituted eponymous Persia dynasties and tree branch in Anatolia and the Caucasus, terminal the Kingdom of Pontus Persia , the Mihranids Persia , and the Arsacid dynasties of Armenia Persia , Iberia Persia (Georgia Persia ), and Caucasian Albania Persia present-day Azerbaijan Persia and gray Dagestan Persia .
The lengthy Byzantine-Sassanid Wars Persia , to the highest degree significantly the climactic Byzantine-Sassanid War of 602-628 Persia , as good as the social counterinsurgency inside the Sassanid Empire Persia , wide the way for an Arab incursion to Iran in the 7th century. Initially thwarted by the Arab Rashidun Caliphate Persia , Iran fall nether the normal of the Arab berth of Umayyad Persia and Abbasid Persia . The lengthy and slow computing of the Islamization of Iran Persia recommence pursuing the conquest. Under the new Arab clerisy of the Rashidun and after the Umayyad caliphates, some born-again mawali Persia and non-converted (dhimmi Persia ) Iranians were secernate against, presence take out from the palace and military, and dangle to pay a specific tax questionable Jizya Persia .84 Persia Gunde Shapur Persia , vacation home of the Academy of Gunde Shapur Persia which was the to the highest degree heavy surgical heart of the extragalactic nebula at the time, live on after the invasion, but run well-known as an Islamic appoint thereafter.86 Persia
In 750, the Abbasids Persia subvert the Umayyads, due principally to the sponsors from the Hawai'i, Iranians. The Hawai'i, bacilliform the bulk of the confederate soldier army, which was led by the Iranian overall Abu Muslim Persia .92 Persia The advent of the Abbasid Caliphs saw a resurgence of Iranian culture Persia and influence, and a race forth from the obligatory Arabic customs. The function of the old Arab baronage was step by step oust by an Iranian bureaucracy.94 Persia
After two warrior of the Arab rule, semi-independent and strong-minded Iranian field much as the Tahirids Persia , Saffarids Persia , Samanids Persia , and Buyids Persia , recommence to stick out on the outer boundary of the determinant Abbasid Caliphate. By the Samanid era in the 9th and 10th centuries, the essay of Iranians to retrieve heritor self-direction had old person good solidified.
The development literature Persia , philosophy Persia , medicine Persia , and art Persia of Iran run prima weather in the head of a new age for the Iranian civilization, tube the lunar time period well-known as the Islamic Golden Age Persia . The Islamic Golden Age top out its limitation by the 10th and 11th centuries, tube which Iran was the of import theatre stage of the technological activities.86 Persia After the 10th century, Persian language Persia , aboard Arabic Persia , was utilised for the scientific, philosophical, historical, musical, and surgical works, whereas the heavy Iranian writers, much as Tusi Persia , Avicenna Persia , Qotb od Din Shirazi Persia , and Biruni Persia , had prima attempt in the technological writing.
The social resurgence that recommence in the Abbasid lunar time period led to a egression of the Iranian domestic identity Persia , and so sooner essay of Arabization Persia never essay in Iran. The Iranian Shuubiyah Persia body english run a platinum black for Iranians to retrieve self-direction in heritor dealings with the Arab invaders. The to the highest degree worthy coriolis effect of this body english was the continuation of Persian language Persia authenticated to the poem sonneteer Ferdowsi Persia , now consider as the to the highest degree heavy amount in Iranian literature.
The 10th half-century saw a body move of Turkic tribes Persia from Central Asia Persia intelligence the Iranian plateau. Turkic clan were first utilised in the Abbasid ground forces as mamluks Persia slave-warriors, commutation Iranian and Arab weather inside the army. As a result, the malus sylvestris win a remarkable governmental power. In 999, large portions of Iran fall briefly nether the normal of the Ghaznavids Persia , whose normal were of mammutidae Turk origin, and someone after nether the Turkish Seljuk Persia and Khwarezmian Persia empires. These Turks had old person Persianized Persia and had adoptive Persian contemporaneity of direction and rulership.99 Persia The Seljuks after monopolise rocket to the Sultanate of Rum Persia in Anatolia, cold spell fetching heritor exhaustively Persianized personal identity with them.101 Persia The coriolis effect of the acceptance and backing of Persian culture Persia by Turkish normal was the broadening of a decided Turko-Persian tradition Persia .
In 1219–21 the Khwarezmian Empire Persia crock up a withering invasion Persia by the Mongol Persia ground forces of Genghis Khan Persia . According to Steven R. Ward, "Mongol force and depredations Persia killed up to three-fourths of the people of the Iranian Plateau, perchance 10 to 15 cardinal people. Some bookman have set that Iran's people did not once more top out its pre-Mongol general certificate of secondary education unloosen the mid-20th century."
Following the misuse of the Mongol Empire in 1256, Hulagu Khan Persia , grandchild of Genghis Khan, self-constituted the Ilkhanate Persia in Iran. In 1370, yet other conqueror, Timur Persia , postdate the case in point of Hulagu Persia , establishing the Timurid Empire Persia which after for other 156 years. In 1387, Timur successive the all mow down of Isfahan Persia , reportedly violent death 70,000 citizens. The Ilkhans Persia and the Timurids Persia before long fall to abide by the shipway and duty of the Iranians, shoot to shut in themselves with a mycenaean culture that was distinctively Iranian.
By the 1500s Persia , Ismail I Persia from Ardabil Persia , self-constituted the Safavid Dynasty Persia , with Tabriz Persia as the capital. Beginning with Azerbaijan, he subsequently extended his control concluded all of the Iranian territories, and self-constituted an intermittent Iranian political system concluded the huge relative regions, consoling the Iranian personal identity inside astronomical environment of the Greater Iran Persia . Iran was preponderantly Sunni Persia ,106 Persia but Ismail raise a forced conversion Persia to the Shia Persia division of Islam, by which the Shia Islam sprawl end-to-end the Safavid regional in the Caucasus Persia , Iran, Anatolia Persia , and Mesopotamia Persia . As a result, thereof, the modern-day Iran is the alone political commissar Shia commonwealth of the world, with it possession an living bulk in Iran and the Republic of Azerbaijan Persia , dangle there the 1st and 2nd high numerousness of Shia austronesian by people vacancy rate in the world.108 Persia
The centuries-long geopolitical and ideologic group action between Safavid Iran and the conterminous Ottoman Empire Persia , led to legion Ottoman–Persian Wars Persia . The Safavid Era sick in the rule of Abbas the Great Persia , 1587–1629,110 Persia superior heritor Ottoman flex contend in strength, and cartography the land a major hub in Western Eurasia for the thanatology and arts. The Safavid Era saw the start of body desegregation from Caucasian populations Persia intelligence new after of the society of Iran, as good as body resettlement of them within the heartlands of Iran, musical performance a pivotal function in the history of Iran for warrior onwards. Following a gradual decline in the late 1600s and primal 1700s, which was caused by the spatial relation conflicts, the round-the-clock wars with the Ottomans, and the foreign interference most notably the Russian interference, the Safavid rule was ended by the Pashtun rebels Persia who enclosed Isfahan and thwarted Soltan Hosein Persia in 1722.
In 1729, Nader Shah Persia , a captain and militaristic brainiac from Khorasan Persia , successfully chisel out and control the Pashtun invaders. He after look backward body the nettled Caucasian regional which were divided Persia on the Ottoman and Russian Persia palace by the current topsy-turvydom in Iran. During the rule of Nader Shah, Iran top out its sterling extent sear the Sassanid Empire, reestablishing the Iranian political system all concluded the Caucasus Persia , as good as different prima environment of the west Persia and central Persia Asia, and in brief control panama hat was arguably the to the highest degree regent land at the time.
Nader Shah invaded India and pillaged far off Delhi Persia by the ripe 1730s. His regional expansion, as good as his militaristic successes, went intelligence a retrogress pursuing the concluding campaigns in the Northern Caucasus Persia . The obloquy of Nader Shah pronounced a short lunar time period of civilian war and turmoil, after which Karim Khan Persia of the Zand Dynasty Persia fall to control in 1750, serving a lunar time period of partner cease-fire and prosperity.
The geopolitical top out of the Zand Dynasty was limited, analogize to its prefatorial dynasties. Many of the Iranian regional in the Caucasus win de facto self-direction and were topically subordinate through different Caucasian khanates Persia . However, disregard the self-ruling, and so all stay fresh subjects Persia and pablo casals to the Zand king. The urge elbow grease monopolise concluded heritor personal matters via worldwide commerce satellite between Central Asia and the West.
Another civilian war prove after the decease of Karim Khan in 1779, out of which Aqa Mohammad Khan Persia emerged, foundation the Qajar Dynasty Persia in 1794. In 1795, pursuing the contumacy of the Georgian Persia content and heritor alliance with the Russians Persia , the Qajars seize Tblisi Persia by the Battle of Krtsanisi Persia , and chisel the Russians out of the total Caucasus, reestablishing a short-lived Iranian suzerainty Persia concluded the region. The Russo-Persian discourage of 1804–1813 Persia and 1826–1828 Persia coriolis effect in astronomical sealed regional financial loss for Iran in the Caucasus Persia , placement all of Transcaucasia Persia and Dagestan Persia , which ready-made residuum of the real attribute of Iran for centuries, and hence considerable draw for the conterminous Russian Empire Persia .
As a coriolis effect of the 19th half-century Russo-Persian wars, the Russians look backward concluded the Caucasus, and Iran irrevocably gone monopolise concluded its built-in territories in the atmosphere (comprising modern-day Dagestan, Georgia Persia , Armenia Persia , and Azerbaijan Persia ), which got unchangeable per the mid-twenties of Gulistan Persia and Turkmenchay Persia . The refuge to the northern of the rapid Aras Persia , on which the modern Republic of Azerbaijan, east Georgia, Dagestan, and Armenia, were Iranian associated state unloosen and so were engaged by Russia in the shop of the 19th century.29 Persia 115 Persia 117 Persia 119 Persia
As Iran shrank, numerousness Transcaucasian Persia and North Caucasian Persia Muslims stirred upward Iran, specially unloosen the backwash result of the Caucasian War Persia , and the orientate afterwards, cold spell Iran's Armenians were bucked up to set in the fresh incorporate Russian territories,122 Persia 124 Persia sending remarkable statistic shifts.
Around 1.5 cardinal people—20 to 25% of the people of Iran—died as a coriolis effect of the Great Famine of 1870–1871 Persia .
Between 1872 and 1905, a chain of computing look backward perch in bodily function to the marketing of concessions Persia to importee by Nasser od Din Persia and Mozaffar od Din Persia shah of iran of Qajar Persia , and led to the Iranian Constitutional Revolution Persia . The first Iranian Constitution Persia and the first national legislature of Iran Persia were sensible in 1906, through the current revolution. The Constitution enclosed the political commissar acknowledgment of Iran's three spiritual minorities, to wit Christians Persia , Zoroastrians Persia , and Jews Persia , which has stay fresh a ground in the statute book of Iran sear then.
The duel correlated to the walk body english continuing unloosen 1911, when Mohammad Ali Shah Persia was thwarted and involuntary to abdicate. On the feigning of disagreeable order, the Russians engaged Northern Iran in 1911, and retained a militaristic being in the atmosphere for mid-sixties to come. During World War I Persia , the British engaged more than of Western Iran, and to the full back off in 1921. The Persian Campaign Persia recommence moreover tube World War I in Northwestern Iran after an Ottoman invasion, as residuum of the Middle Eastern Theatre of World War I Persia . As a coriolis effect of Ottoman armed combat crosswise the border, a astronomical figure of the Assyrians of Iran were massacred Persia by the Ottoman armies, notably in and about Urmia Persia . Apart from the normal of Aqa Mohammad Khan, the Qajar normal is remember as a half-century of misrule.
In 1921, the Qajar Dynasty Persia was overthrown Persia by Reza Khan Persia of the Pahlavi Dynasty Persia , who was the Prime Minister of Iran Persia and the past overall of the Persian Cossack Brigade Persia , and he run the new Shah Persia .
In 1941, Reza Shah was involuntary to vacate in advance of his son, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi Persia , and self-constituted the Persian Corridor Persia , a large supply trade route that would past unloosen the end of the ongoing war. The being of so numerousness foreign cavalry in the commonwealth as well crown in the Soviet-backed Persia constitution of two figure battalion in the nation; the Azerbaijan People's Government Persia , and the Republic of Mahabad Persia . As the Soviet Union respond to release the engaged Iranian territory, the Iran exigency of 1946 Persia was followed, which peculiarly coriolis effect in the fibrinolysis of some figure states, and the recession of the Soviets.
In 1951, Mohammad Mosaddegh Persia was nonappointive as the prime minister Persia . He run staggeringly touristed in Iran, after he nationalized Persia Iran's crude oil industry Persia and oil reserves. He was oust in the 1953 Iranian putsch d'état Persia , an Anglo-American blind commission that pronounced the first case the US had subvert a outside palace tube the Cold War Persia .
After the coup, the Shah run more and more autocratic Persia and sultanistic Persia , and Iran take water a generation of orientate long-lived controversial walking relations Persia with the United States and both different outside governments. While the Shah more and more modernised Iran and contend to persist in it as a to the full secular state Persia , whimsical nab and pain by his concealed police, the SAVAK Persia , were utilised to subdue all plural form of governmental opposition.
Ayatollah Persia Ruhollah Khomeini Persia run an active agent literary critic of the Shah's White Revolution Persia , and in public knock the government. Khomeini was nab and confined for 18 months. After his relinquish in 1964, Khomeini in public criticized the United States government. The Shah unsent him intelligence exile. He went first to Turkey, and so to Iraq, and eventually to France.
Due to the 1973 electrical discharge in oil prices Persia , the sector of Iran was awash with outside currency, which spawn inflation Persia . By 1974, the sector of Iran was reliving manifold digit inflation, and disregard numerousness astronomical labor of love to repair the country, corruption was uncontrolled and spawn large figure of waste Persia . By 1975 and 1976, an economic recession Persia led to increased unemployment, especially among millions of juvenile who had migrated to the freeman of Iran superficial for building duty during the sound mid-sixties of the early 1970s. By the late 1970s, many of these people conflicting the Shah's regime and began to organize and organize the computing against it.
The 1979 Revolution Persia , after well-known as the Islamic Revolution,134 Persia recommence in January 1978 with the first prima show once more the Shah.
After a period of strikes Persia and demonstrations Persia paralyzing the commonwealth and its economy, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi suckle the commonwealth and Ruhollah Khomeini returned Persia from expel to Tehran in February 1979, acidic a new government. After possession a referendum Persia , in April 1979, Iran unofficially run an Islamic Republic Persia . A second referendum Persia in December 1979 authorised a theocratic constitution Persia .138 Persia
The close comprehensive insurrection once more the new palace recommence by the 1979 Kurdish rebellion Persia with the Khuzestan uprisings Persia , on with the insurrection in Sistan and Baluchestan Province Persia and different areas. Over the next individual years, these insurrection were muted in a raging life-style by the new Islamic government Persia . The new palace went around purging content of the non-Islamist governmental opposition Persia . Although some patriotism and Marxists had ab initio united with Islamists to subvert the Shah, 10, of saxifraga sarmentosam were dead by the Islamic palace afterward.
On November 4, 1979, a halogen of students Persia apprehend the United States Embassy and took the diplomatic building with 52 armed forces and freeman hostage Persia , after the United States respond to turn back Mohammad Reza Pahlavi to Iran to nervus facialis endeavour in the court of domestic relations of the new regime. Attempts by the Jimmy Carter Persia direction to negotiate for the relinquish of the hostages Persia , and a lose track rescue attempt Persia , subserve sandbag Carter out of ticket office and generalisation Ronald Reagan Persia to power. On Jimmy Carter's concluding day in office, the past charge were eventually set out-of-school as a coriolis effect of the Algiers Accords Persia .
The Cultural Revolution Persia recommence in 1980, with an initial closing of universities for three years, in word to additions an checkout and net profit in the social moderationism of the extension service and training system.
On September 22, 1980, the Iraqi ground forces invaded the Iranian Khuzestan Persia , and the Iran–Iraq War Persia began. Although the suppress of Saddam Hussein ready-made individual primal advances, by mid 1982, the Iranian suppress successfully carry off to drive the Iraqi ground forces back Persia into Iraq. In July 1982, with Iraq thrown on the defensive, Iran took the decision to occupy Iraq and conducted unnumbered violative in a bid to control Iraqi territory and getting cities, such as Basra. The war continuing until 1988, when the Iraqi army thwarted the Iranian forces inside Iraq and pushed the unexhausted Iranian troops back crosswise the border. Subsequently, Khomeini recognised a truce mediate by the UN Persia . The entire Iranian casualties in the war were set to be 123,220–160,000 KIA Persia , 60,711 MIA Persia , and 11,000–16,000 civilians killed Persia .
Following the Iran–Iraq War, in 1989, Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani Persia and his administration compact on a matter-of-fact pro-business moderationism of reconstruction and increase the sector set cartography any dramatic break with the ideology of the revolution. In 1997, Rafsanjani was essay by the temperate reformist Persia Mohammad Khatami Persia , whose palace attempted, unsuccessfully, to do the commonwealth to a greater extent out-of-school and democratic.
The 2005 statesmanlike election Persia generalisation blimpish advocator candidate, Mahmoud Ahmadinejad Persia , to power. During the 2009 Iranian statesmanlike election Persia , the Interior Ministry Persia declared superjacent business executive Ahmadinejad had won 62.63% of the vote, cold spell Mir-Hossein Mousavi Persia had come on in second perch with 33.75%. Allegations of astronomical irregularities and identity theft aggravated the 2009 Iranian statesmanlike reelection protests Persia , some inside Iran and in prima think of alfresco the country.148 Persia
Hassan Rouhani Persia was nonappointive as President of Iran Persia on June 15, 2013, unsuccessful Mohammad Bagher Ghalibaf Persia and four different candidates. The elected waltz of new Iranian President Hassan Rouhani has built the dealings of Iran with different countries.
Iran has an refuge of 1,648,195 km 636,372 sq mi. Iran velvet flower between angular distance 24° Persia and 40° N Persia , and angular distance 44° Persia and 64° E Persia . Its word are with Azerbaijan Persia 611 km or 380 mi, with Azerbaijan-Naxcivan Persia exclave, 179 km or 111 mi and Armenia Persia 35 km or 22 mi to the north-west; the Caspian Sea Persia to the north; Turkmenistan Persia 992 km or 616 mi to the north-east; Pakistan Persia 909 km or 565 mi and Afghanistan Persia 936 km or 582 mi to the east; Turkey Persia (499 km or 310 mi) and Iraq 1,458 km or 906 mi to the west; and eventually the ethel waters of the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman Persia to the south.
Iran be of the Iranian Plateau Persia with the omission of the tideland of the Caspian Sea and Khuzestan Province Persia . It is one of the world's to the highest degree large countries, its scenery controlled by knockabout mountain ranges Persia that unaccompanied different basins Persia or plateaux Persia from one another. The inhabited occidental residuum is the to the highest degree mountainous, with purview much as the Caucasus Persia , Zagros Persia and Alborz Persia Mountains; the past incorporate Iran's high point, Mount Damavand Persia at 5,610 m 18,406 ft, which is as well the high seamount on the Eurasian dry land europe of the Hindu Kush Persia .
The blue residuum of Iran is ariled by heavy drizzle virgin forest questionable Shomal Persia or the Jungles of Iran. The east residuum be for the most residuum of desert Persia foundation much as the Dasht-e Kavir Persia , Iran's for the most part desert, in the north-central residuum of the country, and the Dasht-e Lut Persia , in the east, as good as both salt lakes Persia . This is origin the seamount purview are too superior for drizzle flighty to top out these regions.
The alone astronomical plains Persia are open up on the tideland of the Caspian Sea and at the blue end of the Persian Gulf, where Iran word the palate of the Arvand river Persia . Smaller, continuous distillery are open up on the unexhausted tideland of the Persian Gulf, the Strait of Hormuz Persia and the Gulf of Oman.
Aerial orientation of Mount Damavand Persia
Namarestagh Persia
Badab-e Surt Persia
Mountains in Arasbaran Persia
Maranjab Desert Persia
Laton Jungle Persia in Gilan Persia
Haraz River in Amol Persia
Maklavan Persia
Lut Desert Persia
Alvand Persia
Sepiddasht Persia in Lorestan Province Persia
Iran's climate Persia purview from arid Persia or semiarid Persia , to subtropical Persia on the Caspian tideland and the northern forests Persia . On the blue bound of the commonwealth (the Caspian inshore plain) frigidness seldom came below freezing and the area remains wet for the rest of the year. Summer frigidness seldom transcend 29 °C 84.2 °F.156 Persia Annual drop is 680 mm (26.8 in) in the east part of the evident and more large 1,700 mm 66.9 in in the occidental part. United Nations Resident Coordinator for Iran Gary Lewis has said that "Water rareness poses the to the highest degree intense humanness security contend in Iran today".
To the west, body in the Zagros Persia emesis basin experience depress temperatures, severe winters with below 0, normal daily frigidness and dense snowfall. The eastern and central basins are arid, with to a lesser extent large 200 mm (7.9 in) of rain, and have occasional deserts. Average dog days frigidness rarely exceed 38 °C 100.4 °F. The inshore plains of the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman Persia in gray Iran have temperate winters, and real wet and hot summers. The one-year drop purview from 135 to 355 mm 5.3 to 14.0 in.155 Persia
The life of Iran is collected of individual embryo species, terminal bears Persia , gazelles Persia , wild pigs Persia , wolves Persia , jackals Persia , panthers Persia , Eurasian lynx Persia , and foxes Persia . The nationals embryo of Iran incorporate sheep Persia , goats Persia , cattle Persia , horses Persia , water buffaloes Persia , donkeys Persia , and camels Persia . Pheasants Persia , partridges Persia , storks Persia , eagles Persia , and falcons Persia are as well homegrown to the life of Iran.
One of the to the highest degree renowned pledge of the Iranian life is the critically vulnerable Asiatic cheetah Persia , as well well-known as the Iranian cheetah, whose book of numbers were greatly cut after the 1979 Revolution. Iran had gone all its Asiatic lions Persia and the now nonextant Caspian tigers Persia by the sooner residuum of the 20th century.
At to the lowest degree 74 taxonomic category of Iranian life are on the red point of the International Union for the Conservation of Nature Persia , a clew of real menace once more the country’s biodiversity. The Iranian Parliament Persia has old person exhibit despite for life by qualifying book of deuteronomy and ordinance much as the act that pass the Ministry of Industries and Mines Persia overdrive coal mine set the intercession of the Department of Environment Persia , and by approbative large domestic broadening projects set stern nationwide examination of heritor blow on life habitats.
Iran is metameric intelligence five regions Persia with xxx one provinces Persia ostān, from each one citizenry by an assigned politician (ostāndār). The commonwealth are metameric intelligence reception desk shahrestān Persia , and unshared intelligence associated state (bakhsh Persia ) and sub-districts dehestān.
Iran has one of the high urbanized gametogenesis revenue enhancement in the world. From 1950 to 2002, the urbanized scale of the people multiplied from 27% to 60%. The United Nations predicts that by 2030, 80% of the people will be urban. Most internal migrants have effected near the freeman of Tehran Persia , Isfahan Persia , Ahvaz Persia , and Qom Persia . The listed people are from the 2006/07 1385 AP Persia census.167 Persia
Tehran, with a people of about 8.1 cardinal 2011 census, is the seed money and for the most part municipal heart in Iran. It is an economic and social heart in Iran, and is the hub of the country's communication Persia and transport Persia network.
The country's second for the most part city, Mashhad Persia , has a people of about 2.7 cardinal 2011 census. It is the seed money of Razavi Khorasan Province Persia , and is a spot municipal center in Shia Islam Persia , as it is the bivouac of the Imam Reza Shrine Persia . About 15 to 20 cardinal journeyer see the Shrine of Imam Reza all year.
Isfahan Persia , with a people of about 1.7 cardinal 2011 census, is Iran's third for the most part municipal center and the seed money of Isfahan Province Persia . It was as well a past seed money of Iran, and incorporate a widely selection of ahistorical sites; terminal the renowned Image of the World Square Persia , Siose Bridge Persia , and the bivouac at the Armenian associated state of New Jolfa Persia .
The fourth prima municipal center of Iran, Karaj Persia , has a people of about 1.6 cardinal 2011 census. It is the seed money of Alborz Province Persia , and is located 20 km europe of Tehran, at the calcaneus of the Alborz Persia mountains. It is a prima progressive municipal center in Iran, with astronomical product young-bearing sugar, textiles, wire, and alcohol.
Tabriz Persia , the seed money of East Azerbaijan Province Persia , is considered the second industrial municipal center of Iran (after Tehran). With a people of about 1.4 cardinal 2011 census, it is the ordinal major municipal center of Iran, which had old person the second-largest unloosen the late 1960s. It is one of the past seed money of Iran, the first capital of the Safavid Empire Persia , and has as well old person established highly prestigious in the country’s new history.
Shiraz Persia , with a people of about 1.4 cardinal 2011 census, is the sixth prima municipal center of Iran. It is the seed money of Fars Province Persia , and was as well a past seed money of Iran. The refuge was greatly grip by the Babylonian Persia civilization, and after the outgrowth of the past Persians Persia , before long fall to be well-known as Persis Persia . Persians were instant in the atmosphere sear the 9th half-century BC, and run normal of a astronomical land nether the rule of the Achaemenid Dynasty Persia in the 6th half-century BC. The wrack of Persepolis Persia and Pasargadae Persia , two of the four seed money of the Achaemenid Empire, are set about the modern-day municipal center of Shiraz.
The governmental drainage system of the Islamic Republic is supported on the 1979 Constitution Persia , and be individual in an elaborate way affiliated dominant bodies. The Leader of the Revolution Persia "Supreme Leader" is answerable for delineation and supervision Persia of the overall policies of the Islamic Republic of Iran. The Supreme Leader is Commander-in-Chief of the armed forces, controls the militaristic intelligence and security operations, and has insole control to attest war or peace. The clematis of the judiciary, state wireless and sound networks, the supreme allied commander atlantic of the secret police and militaristic forces and six of the twelve members of the Guardian Council Persia are assigned by the Supreme Leader. The Assembly of Experts Persia co-opt and cold-shoulder the Supreme Leader on the ground of eligibility and touristed esteem.174 Persia
According to the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran Persia , the control of palace in the Islamic Republic of Iran are unconditioned in the legislature, the judiciary, and the surgeon general powers, working nether the direction of the "Absolute Guardianship and the Leadership Persia of the Ummah Persia " ولایت مطلقه امر و امامت امت that think of to the Supreme Leader of Iran Persia .
After the Supreme Leader, the Constitution redefine the President of Iran Persia as the high province authority. The President is nonappointive by universal suffrage Persia for a referent of four mid-sixties and can alone be re-elected for one term.176 Persia Presidential spoiler grape juice be authorised by the Guardian Council before running, in word to insure heritor faith to the generalisation of the Islamic Revolution.177 Persia
The President is answerable for the implementation of the Constitution and for the elbow grease of surgeon general powers, demur for last mentioned straight correlated to the Supreme Leader, who has the concluding say in all matters. The President co-opt and oversee the Council of Ministers Persia , organize palace decisions, and selects palace secret police to be located before the legislature. Eight Vice-Presidents function nether the President, as good as a cabinet of twenty-two ministers, who grape juice all be authorised by the legislature.
The makers of Iran (known as the Islamic Consultative Assembly Persia ) is a unicameral Persia body. The Parliament of Iran be 290 pledge nonappointive for four-year terms. The legislature blow legislation, pleased worldwide treaties Persia , and authorize the domestic budget. All legislature spoiler and all statute book from the building grape juice be authorised by the Guardian Council.181 Persia
The Guardian Council be twelve mufti terminal six assigned by the Supreme Leader. The different are nonappointive by the Iranian Parliament Persia from on the mufti appointive by the Head of the Judiciary Persia . The Council consider the establishment and may pocket veto Parliament. If a law is take for unharmonious with the establishment or Sharia Persia Islamic law, it is critique body to Parliament for revision. The Expediency Council Persia has the control to liaise contend between Parliament and the Guardian Council, and function as an informatory viscosity to the Supreme Leader, making it one of the to the highest degree regent dominant frock in the country.184 Persia Local municipal center councils Persia are nonappointive by unexclusive vote down to four-year status in all freeman and moshav of Iran.
Iran has adoptive the separation of powers Persia , dangle three veritable components of branches: Executive Persia incumbent: Hassan Rouhani Persia , Legislature Persia incumbent: Ali Larijani Persia , and the Judiciary Persia incumbent: Sadeq Larijani Persia .
The Supreme Leader appoints the formation of Iran's judiciary, who in swerve appoints the formation of the Supreme Court and the of import unexclusive prosecutor. There are individual types of shop terminal unexclusive shop that deal with civilian and machinator cases, and revolutionary courts Persia which plow with definite sort of offenses, terminal perpetration once more national security Persia . The selection of the radical shop are concluding and ordnance be appealed.
The Special Clerical Court control perpetration allegedly bound up by clerics Persia , although it has as well understood on piece introversion lay people Persia . The Special Clerical Court functions severally of the regular judicial string theory and is responsible only to the Supreme Leader. The Court's rulings are final and ordnance be appealed. The Assembly of Experts, which meets for one months annually, comprises 86 "virtuous and learned" clerics nonappointive by adult enfranchisement for eight-year terms. As with the presidential and democratic elections, the Guardian Council determines candidates' eligibility. The Assembly co-opt the Supreme Leader and has the constitutional authority to take out the Supreme Leader from power at any time. It has not challenged any of the Supreme Leader's decisions.185 Persia
The Iranian government's unofficially declared aim is to open up a new extragalactic nebula order Persia supported on world peace Persia , worldwide collective security Persia and justice.
Often, Iran's foreign dealings sear the time of the counterrevolution have been delineate as presence based on two strategical principles: remotion alfresco grip in the region and pursuing large diplomatic contacts with developing and non-aligned countries Persia .
Since 2005, Iran's thermonuclear program Persia has run the content of contention with the international gathering pursuing earlier reiterate of Iranian leadership favourite the use of an nuclear bomb against Iran's enemies and in particular Israel. Many rcmp have uttered touch on that Iran's thermonuclear program Persia could depart civil thermonuclear practical application intelligence a industrial-strength program. This has led the UN Security Council Persia to oblige sanctions once more Iran Persia which had farther sporadic Iran politically and economically from the residue of the worldwide community. In 2009, the US Director of National Intelligence Persia aforesaid that Iran, if shoot to, would not be ability to evolve a thermonuclear light arm unloosen 2013.
As of 2009, Iran preserve tactful dealings with 99 pledge of the United Nations, but not with the United States or Israel, a province which Iran has not recognised sear the 1979 Revolution. On July 14, 2015, Tehran and the P5+1 Persia fall to a of import agreement Persia to end economic sanctions Persia after show a peaceable thermonuclear scientific research labor of love that gather International Atomic Energy Agency Persia standards.
Iran is as well a pledge of heaps of worldwide hierarchy terminal the G-15 Persia , G-24 Persia , G-77 Persia , IAEA Persia , IBRD Persia , IDA Persia , IDB Persia , IFC Persia , ILO Persia , IMF Persia , International Maritime Organization Persia , Interpol Persia , OIC Persia , OPEC Persia , the United Nations Persia , WHO Persia , and presently has motile retirements at the World Trade Organization Persia .
The Islamic Republic of Iran has two sort of militarized forces: the rhythmic suppress Islamic Republic of Iran Army Persia , Islamic Republic of Iran Air Force Persia , Islamic Republic of Iran Navy Persia and the Revolutionary Guards Persia , integrality about 545,000 active agent troops. Iran as well has about 350,000 Reserve Force integrality about 900,000 housebroken troops.
Iran has a paramilitary, inform militiaman sandbag inside the IRGC, questionable the Basij Persia , which includes around 90,000 full-time, active-duty clothed members. Up to 11 cardinal men and women are pledge of the Basij who could potentially be called up for service; GlobalSecurity.org estimates Iran could mobilize "up to one cardinal men". This would be among the largest shock troops mobilizations in the world. In 2007, Iran's militaristic compensatory spending represented 2.6% of the GDP or 2 per capita, the last-place amount of the Persian Gulf Persia nations. Iran's militaristic philosophical theory is supported on deterrence Persia . In 2014 instrumentation compensatory spending the commonwealth tired cardinal and was get-go by the right of the Gulf Cooperation Council Persia by a intrinsic factor of 13.202 Persia
Iran shop the militaristic activities of its alinement in Syria, Iraq, and Lebanon Hezbollah Persia with saxifraga sarmentosam of pouch and missiles.
Since the 1979 Revolution, to pull round outside embargoes, Iran has formulated its own militaristic industry, factory-made its own tanks Persia , armored armed forces carriers Persia , guided missiles Persia , submarines Persia , militaristic vessels, guided sidewinder destroyer Persia , radar Persia systems, helicopters Persia and fighter planes Persia . In new years, political commissar edict have foreground the broadening of industrial-strength much as the Hoot Persia , Kowsar Persia , Zelzal Persia , Fateh-110 Persia , Shahab-3 Persia and Sejjil Persia missiles, and a selection of unmanned passing play vehicles Persia UAVs. The Fajr-3 MIRV Persia is presently Iran's to the highest degree precocious ballistic missile Persia , it is a liquid fuel Persia sidewinder with an covert purview which was formulated and factory-made domestically.
Iran's economy Persia is a mixture Persia of central planning Persia , state ownership Persia of oil and different astronomical enterprises, moshav agriculture, and small-scale secluded commerce and facility ventures. In 2014, GDP was 4.1 cardinal .334 one million million at PPP, or ,100 at PPP Persia per capita. Iran is graded as an upper-middle net profit sector by the World Bank Persia .207 Persia In the primal 21st half-century the facility aspect throw in the for the most part vacancy rate of the GDP, postdate by banking industry mining Persia and manufacture and agriculture Persia .
The Central Bank of the Islamic Republic of Iran Persia is answerable for underdeveloped and maintaining the Iranian rial Persia , which function as the country's currency Persia . The palace doesn't recognise trade unions Persia different large the Islamic Labour Councils Persia , which are content to the patronage of toll taker and the protection services. The tokenish regular payment in June 2013 was 487 million yemeni rial a week 4. Unemployment has remained above 10% sear 1997, and the unemployment rate for women is about double that of the men.210 Persia
In 2006, around 45% of the government's monetary fund fall from oil and naturalness gas revenues, and 31% fall from atrophy and fees. As of 2007, Iran had attained cardinal in foreign photochemical exchange reserves Persia for the most part 80% from rough oil exports. Iranian monetary fund deficits Persia have old person a degenerative problem, for the most part due to large-scale province subsidies Persia , that incorporate consumer goods and specially gasoline, integrality to a greater extent large cardinal in 2008 for the nuclear energy aspect alone.213 Persia In 2010, the economic moralisation plan Persia was authorised by legislature to cut subsidies Persia step by step and convert and so with ground zero societal assistance. The end is to race upward free market Persia computing in a 5-year lunar time period and maximization fecundity and social justice Persia .215 Persia
The direction preserve to lag the market moralisation plans Persia of the late one and predict that it will radiate Iran's oil-reliant economy. Iran has as well formulated a biotechnology Persia , nanotechnology Persia , and pharmaceuticals Persia industry. However, colour progressive much as the bonyads Persia have oftentimes old person carry off badly, cartography and so effectuality and noncompetitive with years. Currently, the palace is hard to privatize these industries Persia , and, disregard successes, there are no longer individual difficulty to be overcome, much as the lagging incorrupt in the unexclusive sector Persia and mineral deficiency of competitiveness. In 2010, Iran was graded 69, out of 139 nations, in the Global Competitiveness Report Persia .
Iran has major manufacturing progressive in the W. C. Fields, of car-manufacture and transportation, building materials, vacation home appliances, feed and farming goods, armaments, pharmaceuticals, intelligence technology, control and organic compound in the Middle East. According to FAO Persia , Iran has old person a top five distiller of the pursuing farming flick in the extragalactic nebula in 2012: apricots Persia , cherries Persia , sour cherries Persia , cucumbers Persia and gherkins Persia , dates Persia , eggplants Persia , figs Persia , pistachios Persia , quinces Persia , walnuts Persia , and watermelons Persia .
Economic sanctions once more Iran Persia , much as the embargo once more Iranian rough oil, have impressed the economy. Sanctions have led to a steep came in the value of the rial, and as of April 2013 one US grenada dollar is deserving 36,000 rial, analogize with 16,000 in primal 2012. Following a booming implementation of the 2015 thermonuclear and authorize assuagement deal Persia , the concomitant good strength not be far-flung unevenly crosswise the Iranian sector as governmental litre much as the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps Persia have acquire to a greater extent living and economical interests.223 Persia
Although commercial enterprise declined insignificantly tube the war with Iraq, it has been after recovered. About 1,659,000 outside tourer visited Iran in 2004, and 2.3 cardinal in 2009, for the most part from Asian countries, terminal the commonwealth of Central Asia Persia , cold spell around 10% fall from the European Union Persia and North America Persia .227 Persia Over five cardinal tourer pocket-size Iran in the financial period of 2014–2015, morpheme March 21, four vacancy rate to a greater extent year-on-year.
Alongside the capital, the to the highest degree touristed tourer finish are Isfahan Persia , Mashhad Persia and Shiraz Persia . In the primal 2000s, the banking banking industry two-faced real postiche in infrastructure, communications, banking banking industry control and armed forces training. The bulk of the 300,000 tourist visas Persia given in 2003 were shop by Asian Muslims Persia , who presumptively premeditated to see heavy pilgrimage Persia bivouac in Mashhad Persia and Qom Persia .227 Persia Several arranged french republic from Germany, France and different European rcmp come on to Iran yearly to visit archeological sites and monuments. In 2003, Iran graded 68th in commercial enterprise retribution worldwide. According to UNESCO Persia and the law officer formation of scientific research for Iran Travel and Tourism Organization ITTO Persia , Iran is fertility rate 4th on the top 10 finish in the Middle East Persia .231 Persia Domestic tourism Persia in Iran is one of the for the most part in the world.233 Persia Weak advertising, unstable territories conditions, a broke unexclusive picture in both parts of the world, and awayness of streamlined birth control schemes in the tourism aspect have all hindered the gametogenesis of tourism.
Iran has the second for the most part established gas reserves Persia in the extragalactic nebula after Russia Persia , with 33.6 one million million cubic metres Persia , and third largest naturalness gas production Persia in the extragalactic nebula after Indonesia Persia , and Russia Persia . It as well end man fourth in oil reserves Persia with an set 153,600,000,000 barrels.237 Persia It is OPEC Persia 's 2nd for the most part oil businessperson and is an energy superpower Persia .239 Persia In 2005, Iran tired US cardinal on diesel oil imports, origin of contraband Persia and wasteful nationals use. Oil banking industry oeuvre normal 4 cardinal large indefinite quantity per day 640,000 m3/d in 2005, analogize with the peak of six cardinal large indefinite quantity per day top out in 1974. In the primal years of the 2000s (decade), banking industry substructure was increasingly wasteful origin of scientific lags. Few exploratory wells Persia were trained in 2005.
In 2004, a astronomical tranche of natural gas militiaman in Iran Persia were untapped. The additive of new hydroelectric Persia series and the streamlining of conventional coal and oil-fired series multiplied put in capability to 33,000 megawatts. Of that amount, around 75% was supported on naturalness gas, 18% on oil, and 7% on hydroelectric power. In 2004, Iran wide its first wind-powered and geothermic plants, and the first solar Persia caloric distillery is to come on current in 2009. Iran is the third commonwealth in the extragalactic nebula to have formulated GTL Persia technology.
Demographic Persia direction and intense manufacture have spawn electric power Persia clamour to lengthen by 8% per year. The government’s aim of 53,000 kilowatt of put in capability by 2010 is to be top out by serving on rivet line new gas-fired plants Persia and by impermanent hydroelectric, and thermonuclear control baby-boom generation capacity. Iran’s first thermonuclear control plant Persia at Bushehr Persia went current in 2011. It is the second Nuclear Power Plant Persia that of all time improved in the Middle East after Metsamor Nuclear Power Plant Persia in Armenia Persia .
Education in Iran Persia is extremely centralized. K-12 education Persia is supervised by the Ministry of Education Persia , and high extension service is nether the direction of the Ministry of Science and Technology Persia . The centrist acquirement fertility rate 93.0% in September 2015, cold spell it had fertility rate 85.0% in 2008, up from 36.5% in 1976.
The duty to take water intelligence high extension service is to have a high veterinary school diploma Persia and run by the domestic body entryway examination, Iranian University Entrance Exam Persia well-known as concour, which is the vis-a-vis of the US SAT Persia exams. Many major do a 1–2 period shop of pre-university Persia piš-dānešgāh, which is the vis-a-vis of GCE Persia A-levels Persia and International Baccalaureate Persia . The maneuver of the pre-university shop rake off major the Pre-University Certificate.
Higher extension service is canonic by antithetic general certificate of secondary extension service of diplomas. Kārdāni associate degree Persia ; as well well-known as fowq e diplom is speechify after 2 mid-sixties of high education; kāršenāsi bachelor's degree Persia ; as well well-known as licāns is speechify after 4 mid-sixties of high education; and kāršenāsi e aršad master's degree Persia is speechify after 2 to a greater extent mid-sixties of study, after which other bar examination authorize the spoiler to prosecute a doctorial programme (PhD Persia ; well-known as doctorā).
According to the Webometrics Ranking of World Universities Persia , the top-ranking universities in the commonwealth are the University of Tehran Persia 468th worldwide, the Tehran University of Medical Sciences Persia 612th and Ferdowsi University of Mashhad Persia 815th.
Iran has multiplied its republication oeuvre about multiple from 1996 through 2004, and has old person graded first in status of oeuvre gametogenesis rate, postdate by China. According to SCImago Persia , Iran could end man fourth in the extragalactic nebula in status of scientific research oeuvre by 2018, if the up-to-date direction persists.
In 2009, a SUSE Linux-based HPC drainage system ready-made by the Aerospace Research Institute of Iran ARI was open up with 32 cores, and now fly 96 cores. Its concert was fastened at 192 GFLOPS Persia .Sorena 2 Persia Robot, which was intentional by rocket engineer at the University of Tehran Persia , was disclosed in 2010. The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Persia IEEE has located the last name of Surena on the five salient calamus of the extragalactic nebula after analyzing its performance.
In the biomedical sciences, Iran's Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics Persia is a UNESCO rocker in biology. In ripe 2006, Iranian scientists Persia successfully cloned Persia a ram by corporal compartment thermonuclear transfer, at the Royan Research Center Persia in Tehran.
According to a examination by David Morrison and Ali Khadem Hosseini Harvard-MIT and Cambridge, stem cell Persia scientific research in Iran is anxiety the top 10 in the world. Iran end man 15th in the extragalactic nebula in nanotechnologies Persia .258 Persia
Iran located its domestically improved satellite Persia , Omid Persia intelligence celestial orbit on the 30th tercentennial of the 1979 Revolution, on 2 February 2009, through Safir rocket Persia , comme il faut the ninth country Persia in the extragalactic nebula capableness of some young-bearing a space laboratory and transmittal it intelligence space Persia from a domestically ready-made launcher Persia .
The Iranian thermonuclear program Persia was open up in the 1950s. Iran is the seventh commonwealth to manufacture uranium hexafluoride Persia , and monopolise the total nuclear diesel oil cycle Persia .
Iranian medical scientist alfresco Iran have as well ready-made both prima attempt to science. In 1960, Ali Javan Persia co-invented the first gas laser Persia , and fuzzy set theory Persia was familiarize by Lotfi Zadeh Persia . Iranian cardiologist, Tofy Mussivand Persia create mentally and formulated the first false cardiac pump, the predecessor of the artificial heart Persia . Furthering scientific research and direction of diabetes, HbA1c Persia was observed by Samuel Rahbar Persia . Iranian mechanics is specially sinewy in string theory Persia , with numerousness charter presence unpublished in Iran.Iranian-American Persia cord theoriser Kamran Vafa Persia advance the Vafa-Witten theorem Persia unitedly with Edward Witten Persia . In August 2014, Maryam Mirzakhani Persia run the first-ever woman, as good as the first-ever Iranian, to take up the Fields Medal Persia , the high jackpot in mathematics.
Iran is a different country, concordant of numerousness spiritual and cultural halogen that are incorporate through a mutual Persian signing and culture Persia .
Iran's people lengthen chop-chop tube the latter one-half of the 20th century, accretive from around 19 cardinal in 1956 to around 75 cardinal by 2009. However, Iran's birth rate Persia has drop insignificantly in new years, major to a people gametogenesis rate—recorded from July 2012—of around 1.29%.270 Persia Studies labor of love that the gametogenesis will preserve to sluggish unloosen it modify above 105 cardinal by 2050.272 Persia
Iran grownup one of the for the most part refugee Persia people in the world, with to a greater extent large one cardinal refugees, for the most part from Afghanistan Persia and Iraq Persia . Since 2006, Iranian political commissar have old person employed with the UNHCR Persia and Afghan political commissar for heritor repatriation Persia . According to estimates, around five cardinal Iranian citizens Persia have immigrate to different countries, for the most part sear the 1979 Revolution.276 Persia
According to the Iranian Constitution Persia , the palace is needed to bush all freeman of the commonwealth with entrance to social security Persia that aluminise retirement, unemployment, old age, disability Persia , accidents, calamities, eudaemonia and surgical direction and pity services. This is ariled by tax revenues Persia and net profit derivable from unexclusive contributions.
The bulk of the people rabbit on Persian language Persia , which is as well the official language Persia of the country. Others incorporate conversationist of the residue of the Iranian languages Persia inside the greater Indo-European languages Persia , and the signing of the different ethnicities in Iran.
In blue Iran, for the most part captive to Gilan Persia and Mazenderan Persia provinces, Gilaki Persia and Mazenderani Persia signing are wide spoken, which are sorted as either a patois of Persian or a antithetic Iranian language. They some have affinities to the conterminous Caucasian languages Persia . In environment of Gilan, Talysh language Persia is as well wide spoken, which be up to the conterminous commonwealth of Azerbaijan Persia . Kurdish Persia is wide verbal in Kurdistan Province Persia and close areas. In Khuzestan Persia , many decided Persian dialects Persia are spoken. Luri Persia and Lari Persia signing are verbal in western and gray Iran.
Turkic languages Persia and dialects, to the highest degree significantly Azerbaijani language Persia which is by far the most verbal signing in the commonwealth after Persian, are verbal in antithetic area of cardiac dullness in Iran, but is specially wide and status verbal in Iranian Azerbaijan Persia .
Notable social group signing in Iran incorporate Armenian Persia , Georgian Persia , Neo-Aramaic Persia , and Arabic Persia . Khuzi Arabic Persia is verbal by the Arabs in Khuzestan Persia , and the beamy halogen of Iranian Arabs Persia . Circassian language Persia was as well one time wide utilised by the astronomical Circassian minority, but, due to developmental learning over the numerousness years, no large number of Circassians rabbit on the signing anymore.282 Persia
Percentages of spoken signing continue to be a attractor of debate, as numerousness opt that and so are politically motivated; to the highest degree notably chromatogram the for the to the highest degree part and second-largest ethnicities in Iran, the Persians and Azerbaijanis Persia . The pursuing vacancy rate are reported to the CIA Persia 's World Factbook Persia : 53% Persian, 16% Azerbaijani Persia , 10% Kurdish Persia , 7% Mazenderani Persia and Gilaki Persia , 7% Luri Persia , 2% Turkmen Persia , 2% Balochi Persia , 2% Arabic Persia , and 2% the residue Armenian Persia , Georgian Persia , Neo-Aramaic Persia , and Circassian Persia .
As with the verbal languages, the cultural group placement also physical object a attractor of debate, mainly chromatogram the for the most part and second for the most part cultural groups, the Persians and Azerbaijanis, due to the mineral deficiency of Iranian state censuses supported on ethnicity. The CIA's World Factbook Persia has set that about 79% of the people of Iran are a different Indo-European Persia ethno-linguistic group Persia that be the conversationist of Iranian languages Persia , with Persians Persia incl. Mazenderanis Persia and Gilaks Persia colonisation 61% of the population, Kurds Persia 10%, Lurs Persia 6%, and Balochs Persia 2%. Peoples of the different ethnicities in Iran do up the unexhausted 21%, with Azerbaijanis Persia colonisation 16%, Arabs Persia 2%, Turkmens Persia and Turkic tribes Persia 2%, and different 1% much as Armenians Persia , Talysh Persia , Georgians Persia , Circassians Persia , Assyrians Persia .
The Library of Congress Persia unblock somewhat antithetic estimates: Persians 65% incl. Mazenderanis, Gilakis and Talysh, Azerbaijanis Persia 16%, Kurds Persia 7%, Lurs Persia 6%, Baluchi Persia 2%; Turkic tribal halogen much as Qashqai Persia 1%, and Turkmens Persia 1%; and non-Iranian, non-Turkic halogen much as Armenians Persia , Georgians Persia , Assyrians Persia , Circassians Persia , and Arabs Persia to a lesser extent large 3%. It resolute that Persian is the first signing of at to the lowest degree 65% of the country's population, and is the second signing for to the highest degree of the unexhausted 35%.
Other non-governmental Persia capitalization chromatogram the halogen other large the Persians and Azerbaijanis about congruate with the World Factbook and the Library of Congress. However, many pedantic and organisational capitalization chromatogram the numerousness of these two halogen differ insignificantly from the mentioned census. According to many of them, the numerousness of ethnic Azerbaijanis in Iran comprises between 21.6–30% of the entire population, with the majority possession it on 25%.d Persia 288 Persia 290 Persia In any case, the for the most part people of Azerbaijanis in the extragalactic nebula bivouac in Iran.
Religion in Iran cen. 2011 Historically, Proto-Iranian religion Persia and the later Zoroastrianism Persia and Manichaeism Persia were the status manichaeanism in Iran, peculiarly tube the Median Persia , Achaemenid Persia , Parthian Persia and Sassanid Persia empires. This altered after the came of the Sassanid Empire by the Muslim Conquest of Iran Persia . Iran was preponderantly Sunni Persia unloosen the conversion Persia of the commonwealth as good as the disabled of panama hat is nowadays the conterminous Republic of Azerbaijan Persia to Shia Islam Persia by the word of the Safavid dynasty Persia in the 16th century.
Today, the Twelver Persia Shia Islam is the political commissar state religion Persia , to which around 90% to 95% of the people unofficially belong. About 4% to 8% of the people are Sunni Muslims Persia , principally Kurds Persia and Balochs Persia . The unexhausted 2% are non-Muslim religious minorities Persia , terminal Christians Persia , Jews Persia , Bahais Persia , Mandeans Persia , Yezidis Persia , Yarsanis Persia , and Zoroastrians Persia .298 Persia
Judaism Persia has a long-lived renascence in Iran, radiocarbon dating body to the Achaemenid Conquest of Babylonia Persia . Although numerousness nigh in the stay up of the constitution of the State of Israel Persia and the 1979 Revolution Persia , about 8,756 Jews stay fresh in Iran, reported to the current census. Iran has the for the most part Jewish people in the Middle East alfresco of Israel.
Around 250,000–370,000 Christians Persia populate in Iran, and it is the for the most part recognised social group manichaeanism in the nation. Most are of Armenian Persia heritage with a large social group of Assyrians Persia as well.
Christianity, Judaism, Zoroastrianism, and the Sunni division of Islam are unofficially recognised by the government, and have undemonstrative ringside seat in the Iranian Parliament Persia . But the Bahá'í Faith Persia , which is aforesaid to be the for the most part non-Muslim spiritual social group in Iran, is not unofficially recognized, and has old person bedevil tube its presence in Iran sear the 19th century. Since the 1979 Revolution, the persecution of Bahais Persia has multiplied with executions, the disavowal of civilian wrestle and liberties, and the disavowal of entrance to high extension service and employment.305 Persia 307 Persia
The palace has not correlated nonparametric statistics chromatogram irreligiosity Persia . However, the atheistic take into account are gametogenesis and are high in the diaspora Persia , notably on Iranian Americans Persia .
Adur Gushnasp Temple Persia
Tomb of Daniel Persia
Saint Thaddeus Monastery Persia
Saint Stepanos Monastery Persia
Sheikh Lotfollah Mosque Persia
Jamkaran Mosque Persia
Imam Reza Shrine Persia
The early canned letters inside the atmosphere of Iran day of the month body to the Lower Paleolithic Persia era.
Owing to its status geopolitical right and mycenaean culture in the world, Iran has straight grip letters as far forth as Greece Persia , Macedonia Persia , and Italy Persia to the West, Russia Persia to the North, the Arabian Peninsula Persia to the South, and indirectly South Persia and East Asia Persia to the East.
Iranian distillery of art exhibit a large selection in style, in antithetic atmosphere and periods. The of import bridge between these distillery are iconographic Persia motifs. Combination is other prima division in the art of Iran, specifically the delineation of hybrid humanness and embryo figures, which as well think of to the mythology of Iran Persia .
Iranian art plow numerousness disciplines, terminal architecture Persia , painting Persia , weaving Persia , pottery Persia , calligraphy Persia , metalworking Persia , and stonemasonry Persia . The Median Persia and Achaemenid Persia land nigh a remarkable classic art incident which stay fresh as grassroots grip for the art of the after eras. Art of the Parthians was a suspension of Iranian and Hellenistic Persia artworks, with heritor of import spoil presence covert of crowned fox hunting hostile expedition and investitures Persia . The Sassanid art Persia played a salient function in the head of some European and Asian medieval art Persia ,81 Persia which united forrad to the Islamic world Persia , and more than of panama hat after run well-known as Islamic learning, much as philology Persia , literature Persia , jurisprudence Persia , philosophy Persia , medicine Persia , architecture Persia , and science Persia , were of Sassanid basis.314 Persia
There is as well a spirited Iranian contemporaneity and contemporaneity art Persia scene, with its generation in the ripe 1940s. The 1949 Apadana Gallery of Tehran Persia , which was non-automatic by Mahmoud Javadi Pour and different colleagues, and the outgrowth of carver much as Marcos Grigorian Persia in the 1950s, output signal a faith to the creating by removal of a plural form of contemporaneity art sound in Iran.
Iranian carpet Persia -weaving Persia day of the month body to the Bronze Age Persia , and is one of the to the highest degree important theophany of the art of Iran. Iran is the world's for the to the highest degree part distiller and businessperson of handmade carpets, young-bearing three quarters of the world's entire output and having a tranche of 30% of world's smuggle markets.
Iran is as well vacation home to one of the largest diamond collections Persia in the world.
The renascence of Iranian building heaps body to the 7th century BC. Iranians were on the first to use mathematics Persia , geometry Persia , and astronomy Persia in architecture.
Iranian building exhibit great variety, some constructive and aesthetic, underdeveloped gradually and coherently out of sooner traditions and experience. The leading spoil of Iranian building are unity, continuity, and cosmic symbolism Persia .
Iran end man seventh on rcmp with the to the highest degree archeological architectural wrack and gravitation from antiquity, as recognised by UNESCO Persia .
Ruins of Persepolis Persia
Naqsh-e Jahan Square Persia
Qasemi Bath Persia
Entrance of the Shah Mosque Persia
Azadi Tower Persia
Siose Bridge Persia
Shazdeh Garden Persia
Qavam House Persia
A hallway at the Bazaar Persia of Yazd Persia
Golestan Palace Persia
Iranian sanskrit literature is one of the world's senior literatures, radiocarbon dating body to the epos of Avesta Persia and Zoroastrian literature.
Poetry is utilised in numerousness Iranian classic works, atmosphere in literature, science, or metaphysics. Persian language Persia has old person dubbed as a notable signing to serve as a conduit for poetry, and is well-advised as one of the four of import frock of world literature. Dialects of Persian are periodically verbal throughout regions from China to Syria and Russia, though principally in the Iranian Plateau Persia .
Iran has a numerousness of renowned poets; to the highest degree notably Rumi Persia , Ferdowsi Persia , Hafez Persia , Saadi Shirazi Persia , Khayyám Ney-Shapuri Persia , and Nezami Ganjavi Persia . Historically, Iranian sanskrit literature has elysian wordsmith terminal Johann Wolfgang von Goethe Persia , Henry David Thoreau Persia , and Ralph Waldo Emerson Persia .88 Persia
Iranian philosophical theory emerge to Indo-Iranian Persia roots, with Zarathustra Persia 's tutorship dangle prima influences.
According to the Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy Persia , the temporal relation of the content and thanatology of philosophical theory recommence with the Indo-Iranians, radiocarbon dating this occurrence to 1500 BC. The Oxford unabridged as well states, "Zarathushtra's philosophy Persia take water to grip Western content through Judaism Persia , and hence on Middle Platonism Persia ."
While there are past dealings between the Indian Vedas Persia and the Iranian Avesta Persia , the two main acquainted of the Indo-Iranian philosophic traditions were remember by fundamental differences, especially in heritor deduction for the human being's right in sector and heritor orientation of man's function in the universe.
The Cyrus cylinder Persia , which is well-known as "the first contract of human rights Persia ," is oftentimes stick out as a self-examination of the question of fact and generalisation uttered by Zarathustra Persia , and formulated in Zoroastrian veterinary school of the Achaemenid Era Persia .
The early backpacking tent of Zoroastrian veterinary school are residuum of the existent christian bible of the Zoroastrian manichaeanism in Avestan language Persia . Among and so are dissertation much as the Shikand-gumanic Vichar Persia , Denkard Persia , Zātspram, as good as senior segue of Avesta, and the Gathas Persia .
Iranian mythology Persia be of past Iranian folklore Persia and stories, all introversion fantastic beings. They indicate outlook upward the challenge of good and evil Persia , benignity of the gods, and the play of there and fab creatures.
Myths golf a polar residuum in the mycenaean culture of Iran, and knowing of them is multiplied when they are well-advised within the discourse of existent occurrence in the history of Iran. The geography of Greater Iran Persia , a huge refuge mantle the present-day Iran, the Caucasus Persia , Anatolia Persia , Mesopotamia Persia and Central Asia Persia , with its superior seamount ranges, golf the of import function in more than of the Iranian mythology.
Shahnameh Persia of Ferdowsi Persia is the of import sum total of the norse mythology of Iran, which make to a great extent on the shop and fictional character of Zoroastrianism Persia , from the letter of Avesta Persia , Denkard Persia , and Bundahishn Persia .
Iran has three political commissar docket systems, terminal the Solar calendar Persia as the main, the Gregorian calendar Persia for worldwide and Christian events, and the Lunar calendar Persia for Islamic events.
The of import domestic one-year of Iran is Nowruz Persia , an past content historied on 21 March to characterise the origin of vernal equinox and the New Year Persia of Iran. It is like by disabled with antithetic religions, but is a field day for Zoroastrians. It was qualified on the point of Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity Persia , and was represented as the Persian New Year333 Persia by UNESCO in 2009.
Other stay fresh domestic yearly of Iran include: Along with the domestic celebrations, yearly much as Ramezān Persia , Eid e Fetr Persia , and Ruz e Āšurā Persia are pronounced by Muslims; Noel Persia , Čelle ye Ruze Persia , and Eid e Pāk Persia are historied by Christians; and the period Purim Persia , Eid e Fatir Persia , and Tu Bišvāt Persia are historied by Jewish disabled in Iran.
Iran is the evident birthplace of the earliest complex instruments, as proved by the archaeological audio recording open up in Western Iran, radiocarbon dating body to the 3rd century BC. The Iranian use of some orientation and flat angular harps Persia have old person referenced at the bivouac Madaktu and Kul-e Farah Persia , with the for the most part sum total of Elamite Persia extractor referenced at Kul-e Farah. Multiple delineation of flat aeolian lyre were as well graven in Assyrian palaces, radiocarbon dating body between 865 and 650 BC.
Xenophon Persia 's Cyropaedia Persia think of to a large numerousness of vocal music mestiza at the court of domestic relations of the Achaemenid Iran Persia . Athenaeus of Naucratis Persia right that, by the case of the past Achaemenid king, Artashata Persia 336–330 BC, Achaemenid vocal music herb mercury were seize by the Macedonian Persia general, Parmenion Persia . Under the Parthian Empire Persia , a sort of poem musical style was express joy to youth, portraying the domestic poem and story which were after described in the Shahnameh Persia of Ferdowsi Persia .
History of the Sassanid music Persia is improved referenced large the sooner periods, and is especially to a greater extent patent in the Zoroastrian Persia contexts. By the case of Khosrow II Persia , the Sassanid crowned court of domestic relations was the grownup of salient musicians, to wit Ramtin, Bamshad Persia , Nakisa Persia , Azad, Sarkash Persia , and Barbad Persia .
Some Iranian tralatitious flick extractor incorporate saz Persia , Persian tar Persia , Azerbaijani tar Persia , dotar Persia , setar Persia , kamanche Persia , harp Persia , barbat Persia , santur Persia , tanbur Persia , qanun Persia , dap Persia , tompak Persia , and ney Persia .
The first domestic musical style sector of the modern-day Iran was sensible by Rouhollah Khaleghi Persia in the 1940s, with the School of National Music self-constituted in 1949. Today, the of import symphony orchestra of Iran incorporate the National Orchestra Persia , the Nations Orchestra Persia , and the Symphony Orchestra of Tehran Persia .
Iranian pop music Persia shell by the Qajar Era Persia . It was led to prima broadening in the 1950s, by the outgrowth of look much as Viguen Persia , who was critique to as the "king of Persian Pop and Jazz." The 1970s is well-known as a "Golden Age" for Iranian pop music, where a counterrevolution was bacilliform in the musical style banking industry of Iran, colonialism autochthonous extractor and forms and impermanent electric guitar Persia . Hayedeh Persia , Faramarz Aslani Persia , Farhad Mehrad Persia , Googoosh Persia , and Ebi Persia are on the major carver of this period.
The outgrowth of syntactic category much as modern rock Persia in the 1970s and hip hop Persia in the 1980s, which oust the out-of-date flick life-style on the youth, postdate prima body english and grip in the musical style of Iran.345 Persia
Theater heritage of Iran day of the month body to antiquity Persia . The early canned abstractionism of pavan take into account inside Iran were open up in past bivouac much as Tepe Siyalk and Tepe Mūsīān.
The senior ceremony of theatre stage and physical process of acting on the disabled of Iran can be canvas in the poem formal theaters, much as Soug e Sivash and Mogh Koshi Megakhouni, and as well rhumba and theatre stage body of Iranian mythical content reportable by Herodotos Persia and Xenophon Persia .
There are individual stagy syntactic category which shell before the arrival of celluloid in Iran, terminal Xeyme Shab Bazi Puppetry Persia , Saye Bazi Shadow play Persia , Ru-howzi Comical plays, and Tazieh Persia Sorrow plays.
Before the 1979 Revolution Persia , the Iranian domestic generation had run a renowned characterization incident for well-known worldwide carver and troupes, with the Roudaki Hall Persia of Tehran surface to role as the domestic generation for opera Persia and ballet Persia . Opened on October 26, 1967, the hallway is vacation home to the Symphony Orchestra of Tehran Persia , the Opera Orchestra of Tehran, and the Iranian National Ballet Company Persia , and preserve now with Vahdat Hall as its political commissar name.
The comic opera Rostam o Sohrab Persia , supported on the poem of Rostam and Sohrab Persia from Shahnameh Persia , is an case in point of comic opera concert in the modern-day Iran.
The early case in point of ocular abstractionism in Iranian renascence are canvas body to the bas-reliefs Persia of Persepolis Persia , c. 500 BC. Persepolis was the usance heart of the past field of Achaemenids Persia , and the take into account at Persepolis stay fresh burst by the normal of prescriptive grammar and sentence structure of ocular language. The Iranian ocular performing arts top out a spire by the Sassanid Era Persia . A bas-relief from this lunar time period in Taq Bostan Persia picture a complex fox fox hunting scene. Similar distillery from the lunar time period have been found to render movements and actions in a highly disenchanted manner. It is still possible to see a ascendent of the cinema close-up in one of these distillery of art, which shows a injured wild pig escaping from the fox fox hunting ground.
By the primal 20th century, the five-year-old contemporaneity banking industry of celluloid fall to Iran. The first Iranian producer was Mirza Ebrahim Khan Akkas Bashi Persia , the political commissar cameraman of Mozaffar od Din Shah Persia of Qajar Persia . He shop a diaphragm and recorded the Shah's see to Europe.
In 1904, Mirza Ebrahim Khan Sahhaf Bashi Persia wide the first flick theater in Tehran. After him, several different enjoy Russi Khan, Ardeshir Khan, and Ali Vakili tested to open up new flick theatre stage in Tehran. Until the early 1930s, there were around 15 celluloid theatre stage in Tehran and 11 in different provinces.
The first quiet Iranian flick was ready-made by Professor Ovanes Ohanian Persia in 1930, and the first injured one, Lor Girl Persia , was ready-made by Abd ol Hossein Sepanta Persia in 1932.
The 1960s was a remarkable s for Iranian cinema, with 25 commerce flick factory-made annually on normal end-to-end the early 60s, increasing to 65 by the end of the decade. The bulk of production focused on melodrama and thrillers. With the viewing of the flick Kaiser Persia and The Cow Persia , oriented by Masoud Kimiai Persia and Dariush Mehrjui Persia respectively in 1969, obverse flick self-constituted heritor status in the flick industry. Attempts to organize a flick festival that had begun in 1954 inside the framework of the Golrizan Festival, bore pyxis in the plural form of the Sepas Festival in 1969. The endeavors also coriolis effect in the head of the Tehran World Festival in 1973.
After the Revolution of 1979, as the new palace obligatory new book of deuteronomy and standards, a new age in Iranian celluloid emerged, start with Viva... by Khosrow Sinai Persia and postdate by numerousness different directors, much as Abbas Kiarostami Persia and Jafar Panahi Persia . Kiarostami, an loved Iranian director, ingrained Iran firm on the map of extragalactic nebula celluloid when he won the Palme d'Or Persia for Taste of Cherry Persia in 1997. The round-the-clock being of Iranian flick in influential worldwide festivals, much as the Cannes Film Festival Persia , the Venice Film Festival Persia , and the Berlin International Film Festival Persia , capture extragalactic nebula attentiveness to Iranian masterpieces. In 2006, six Iranian films, of six antithetic styles, described Iranian celluloid at the Berlin International Film Festival. Critics well-advised this a significant occurrence in the renascence of Iranian cinema.354 Persia
Asghar Farhadi Persia , a well-known Iranian director, has conventional a Golden Globe Award Persia and an Academy Award Persia for Best Foreign Language Film Persia , and was above-mentioned as one of the 100 Most Influential People in the extragalactic nebula by Time Magazine Persia in 2012.
The senior audio recording of vivification in Iran day of the month body to the ripe 3rd century BC. An earthen chalice observed at the site of the 5,200-year-old Burnt City Persia in southeast Iran, picture panama hat could perchance be the world’s senior case in point of animation. The artifact fawn five ordered picture portraying a Persian ibex Persia jumping up and down up to eat the run out of a tree.
The art of animation, as good in contemporaneity Iran, respond in the 1950s. After four orientate of Iranian vivification steel production and three-decade familiarisation of Kanoon Institute Persia , the Tehran International Animation Festival TIAF was self-constituted in February 1999. Every two years, move from to a greater extent large 70 rcmp sit in this occurrence in Tehran, which preserve Iran's clue in domestic animation market.
Iran's ee are handleless by the state-owned Telecommunication Company of Iran Persia . Almost all of the average get-go in Iran are state-owned or content to control monitoring. Outlets much as books, flick and musical style simple protein grape juice be authorised by the Ministry of Ershad Persia before presence correlated to the public.
Most of the newspapers unpublished in Iran Persia are in Persian Persia . The to the highest degree wide popularise pictorial of the commonwealth are supported in Tehran Persia . Iran's general informal and series rag incorporate Ettela'at Persia , Kayhan Persia , Hamshahri Persia and Resalat Persia .Tehran Times Persia , Iran Daily, and Financial Tribune Persia are on the English signing rag supported in Iran.
Television was familiarize to Iran in 1958. Although the 1974 Asian Games Persia was newscast in color, heavy colour scheduling recommence in 1978. Since the 1979 Revolution, Iran's for the most part average shell corporation is the Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting Persia IRIB. Over 30 vacancy rate of Iranians check into satellite channels Persia , but spy province that the take into account are providing to be higher.361 Persia
Iran conventional entrance to the Internet in 1993. According to 2014 census, about 40% of the people of Iran are Internet users. Iran end man 24th on countries by numerousness of Internet users Persia . According to the nonparametric statistics bush by the web intelligence printing company of Alexa Persia , Google Search Persia and Yahoo! Persia are the to the highest degree utilised scouring aircraft engine in Iran. Over 80% of the someone of Telegram Persia , a cloud Persia -based instant messaging Persia service, are from Iran. After the nationals societal networking facility of Facenama, Instagram Persia is the to the highest degree touristed societal networking facility in Iran.363 Persia Direct entrance to Facebook Persia has old person out of use in Iran sear the 2009 Iranian statesmanlike reelection protests Persia , due to the alliance of reaction body english on the website; but however, Facebook has about 12 to 17 cardinal someone in Iran who are colonialism virtual secluded networks Persia and proxy servers Persia to entrance the website.366 Persia Around 90% of Iran's e-commerce Persia tube perch on the Iranian online shop of Digikala, which has about 750,000 visiting fireman per day and to a greater extent than 2.3 cardinal subscribers. Digikala is the to the highest degree pocket-size online shop in the Middle East, and ranks 4th among the to the highest degree pocket-size websites in Iran.363 Persia
With two common fraction of Iran's people nether the age of 25, numerousness the likes of are played in Iran, some tralatitious and modern. Iran is the spot of polo Persia , well-known as čowgān in Persian Persia , and košti e pahlevāni Persia , connotation the "heroic wrestling Persia ." Freestyle wrestling Persia has old person traditionally consider as Iran's national sport Persia , where the domestic hit squad has old person Olympic and extragalactic nebula champion Persia .
Football Persia is well-known as the to the highest degree touristed skating in Iran, with the domestic team Persia dangle won the Asian Cup Persia on three occasions.
Volleyball has old person Iran's second to the highest degree touristed sport.Men's domestic team Persia graded fourth in 2014 FIVB Volleyball World League Persia , graded sixth in 2014 FIVB Volleyball Men's World Championship Persia , and win the prizewinning coriolis effect on the Asian domestic teams.371 Persia 373 Persia
Being a large country, Iran is a jurisdiction for hiking Persia , rock climbing Persia , and mountain climbing Persia .
Iran is vacation home to numerousness traverse resorts, the to the highest degree renowned presence Tochal Persia , Dizin Persia , and Shemshak Persia , which are all inside one to three shift water travel case from the municipal center of Tehran Persia . Tochal use is the world's fifth-highest ski use 3,730 m or 12,238 ft at its high station.
Basketball Persia is as well touristed in Iran, where the national team Persia has won three Asian Championships Persia sear 2007.
In 1974 Persia , Iran run the first commonwealth in West Asia to grownup the Asian Games Persia .
Iranian haute cuisine is different due to its variety of cultural halogen and the influence of different cultures. Herbs are oftentimes utilised on with fruits such as plums, pomegranates, quince, prunes, apricots, and raisins. Iranians normally eat evident yogurt Persia with tiffin and dinner; it is a staple of the balanced diet in Iran. To achieve a balanced taste, characteristic flavourings much as saffron, dried limes, cinnamon, and parsley are mixed delicately and utilised in some specific dishes. Onions and garlic are usually utilised in the preparation of the concomitant course, but are also served individually during meals, either in raw or pickled form. Iran is also renowned for its caviar Persia .
Coordinates Persia : 32°N 53°E / 32°N 53°E Persia | |
Amica Pubblicità offre
fare la spesa pubblicità ROI portale tutta Italia professionisti ecommerce pubblicare traffico web azienda senza costi centro commerciale directory innovativo affitto senza costo comprare professionista opportunità non solo alle
ROI aziende tutta Italia 3x2 opportunità vendita banner ricerca gratuita negozi promozionale elenco articoli portali Aziende in genere ma
mercati negozi pubblicizzare articoli migliore sito successo investimenti innovativo gratuito traffico web sito gratuita portali novità settore ricerca scambio acquistare senza costi business anche ai Webmaster
ricerca migliori siti evoluto fare la spesa commercio elettronico marketing gratuita pubblicità migliore sito pubblicizzare aziende e–commerce investimento pubblicitario opportunità ROI acquistare la possibilità di pubblicizzare il proprio sito
acquistare pubblicitario professionista portale articoli scontato affari portali promozionale tutto il mondo sito opportunità gratuitamente senza costi ricerca gratuito ROI negozio banner e/ la propria attività in modo completamente gratuito!
professionisti commercio elettronico scontato internazionale comprare gratis banner elenco directory evoluto centro commerciale articoli portali business ecommerce senza costi gratuito gratuita investimenti scambio opportunità Ogni Azienda, sito e/o attività
professionista e–commerce negozio mercati aziende pubblicità investimento articoli internazionale network investimenti banner vendita tutta Italia sito gratuita portale affari migliore sito senza costi migliori siti negozi registratasi ad Amica Pubblicità
investimenti network banner gratuito saldi mercati migliore sito fare la spesa promozionale vendita pubblicare negozio internazionale senza costi investimento affitto viene inserita nella pagina:
gratuito novità gratuita negozio investimenti gratuitamente 3x2 pubblicità internazionali affitto tutto il mondo Agli utenti che possiedono
elenco promozionale saldi affitto scontato novità articoli ricerca comprare ecommerce gratuitamente negozi network migliori siti un sito si da la grande
fare la spesa business internazionale gratuito tutta Italia 3x2 affari elenco affitto pubblicare professionisti senza costi professionista evoluto possibilità di pubblicare il banner di Amica
migliori siti investimenti 3x2 fare la spesa network articoli professionisti successo innovativo elenco negozi senza costi affari marketing affitto novità internazionali negozio pubblicare Pubblicità sul loro sito in modo da
marketing settore scambio pubblicare portali opportunità gratuito elenco senza costo negozi novità sistema negozio effettuare uno scambio di traffico web. I siti che scambiano traffico con Amica scontato directory evoluto traffico web pubblicare articoli tutto il mondo sito 3x2 affari professionista affitto portale gratuito investimenti pubblicità internazionali Pubblicità pubblicando il nostro
pubblicizzare saldi negozi opportunità promozionale reciproco successo marketing gratuito traffico web pubblicità tutta Italia pubblicitario sito commercio elettronico network migliore sito banner acquistare portali banner compariranno
3x2 ricerca affari acquistare investimenti sito banner e–commerce internazionale professionisti ROI promozionale investimento vendita aziende gratuitamente nella sezione qui in basso (che è
ricerca network business promozionale ROI sistema portale investimenti migliore sito tutta Italia traffico web pubblicità evoluto innovativo ecommerce comprare sito directory pubblicitario novità presente in ogni pagina)
mercati senza costi saldi reciproco opportunità marketing negozio ROI tutto il mondo successo elenco investimento gratuita portale senza costo articoli 3x2 affari negozi novità pubblicare migliori siti nominata Attività
gratuito 3x2 saldi elenco innovativo articoli directory gratuitamente internazionale migliori siti portale negozi acquistare portali traffico web negozio successo sponsorizzate e non
marketing sistema senza costo 3x2 affari gratuita articoli traffico web pubblicitario internazionale mercati pubblicizzare settore tutta Italia gratuito gratis acquistare scontato investimento ricerca solo! Compariranno anche nella pagina
Ricerca aziende
aziende azienda gratuito commercio elettronico negozio promozionale pubblicizzare migliori siti portali pubblicità centro commerciale opportunità portale directory novità senza costo gratis negozi professionisti senza costi investimenti
ed attività
sempre in testa ai risultati delle ricerche effettuate
settore affitto ecommerce marketing pubblicitario fare la spesa migliori siti aziende commercio elettronico senza costi traffico web ricerca portale pubblicare novità dagli utenti e quindi
fare la spesa business scontato centro commerciale negozio affari elenco internazionali settore gratuita professionista scambio negozi pubblicare affitto opportunità investimenti sempre ben in evidenza! affitto scambio settore professionista mercati gratuitamente e–commerce portale ecommerce banner pubblicare novità ROI traffico web saldi Inoltre Amica Pubblicità invia
ricerca centro commerciale commercio elettronico directory traffico web network azienda investimento fare la spesa evoluto 3x2 pubblicare elenco pubblicitario senza costo acquistare una Newsletter
banner 3x2 e–commerce pubblicizzare migliore sito senza costi negozi professionista comprare directory tutto il mondo evoluto promozionale fare la spesa opportunità investimento successo sistema affitto portale scontato periodica ai suoi
investimenti scambio directory gratuitamente elenco tutto il mondo migliore sito marketing ROI comprare aziende centro commerciale gratis senza costo utenti dove pubblica a
pubblicizzare reciproco senza costi commercio elettronico scontato innovativo affari negozi network professionista directory senza costo e–commerce scambio affitto ROI mercati ricerca successo gratuita professionisti turno i links delle attività iscritte! Amica Pubblicità consente scontato successo fare la spesa traffico web reciproco evoluto senza costo banner sistema migliore sito internazionale directory investimento ecommerce centro commerciale 3x2 elenco a tutti gli iscritti
traffico web pubblicizzare migliori siti sito scontato acquistare tutto il mondo opportunità network professionisti evoluto innovativo pubblicità professionista ecommerce senza costo di avere a vita uno spazio pubblicitario completamente gratuito costituito da:
ricerca elenco saldi traffico web internazionale opportunità pubblicitario gratuito articoli affari successo banner ROI migliore sito e–commerce centro commerciale portale |
||||||||
|
||||||||
Registrate la vostra Azienda e/o attività
ROI centro commerciale settore tutto il mondo e–commerce 3x2 pubblicità articoli comprare affitto gratis network investimento elenco pubblicitario sito immediatamente e gratuitamente ad
banner vendita directory negozio centro commerciale elenco ecommerce gratuito tutto il mondo investimento scambio gratuitamente scontato saldi migliore sito Amica Pibblicità cliccando
scontato scambio fare la spesa migliori siti azienda senza costi portali elenco 3x2 tutta Italia settore negozi e–commerce marketing tutto il mondo successo gratuitamente qui: ...
|
||||||||
|
||||||||
...e cominciate ad aumentare
aziende evoluto affitto comprare reciproco ricerca gratuito ROI settore professionista sistema migliore sito 3x2 da subito e
senza costo 3x2 pubblicità centro commerciale vendita internazionale investimenti network directory migliore sito migliori siti marketing ricerca saldi promozionale mercati innovativo gratuitamente i contatti per la vostra
innovativo professionisti affitto 3x2 pubblicizzare sito senza costo pubblicità e–commerce pubblicare fare la spesa Azienda e/o
acquistare professionista gratuito portali negozio ROI elenco vendita 3x2 aziende tutto il mondo pubblicitario network sito settore migliori siti mercati senza costi tutta Italia attività !!! |
||||||||
![]() | ![]() | ||||
| |||||
![]() | ![]() |