Iran (/aɪˈræn/

Persia

or

Persia

i

Persia

/ɪˈrɑːn/

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;Persian : Irān – ایران‎‎ ʔiːˈɾɒːn

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listen

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), as well well-known as Persia /ˈpɜːrʒə/

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or /ˈpɜːrʃə/

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,14

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unofficially the Islamic Republic of Iran (جمهوری اسلامی ایران – Jomhuri ye Eslāmi ye Irān d͡ʒomhuːˌɾije eslɒːˌmije ʔiːˈɾɒːn

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), is a sovereign state in Western Asia .16

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It is seagirt to the northwestern by Armenia , the de facto Nagorno-Karabakh Republic , and Azerbaijan ; to the northern by Kazakhstan and Russia crosswise the Caspian Sea ; to the northeasterly by Turkmenistan ; to the eastward by Afghanistan and Pakistan ; to the mississippi by the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman ; and to the europe by Turkey and Iraq . Comprising a real property refuge of 1,648,195 km² 636,372 sq mi, it is the second-largest commonwealth in the Middle East and the 18th-largest in the world. With 78.4 cardinal inhabitants, Iran is the world's 17th-most-populous country.18

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It is the alone commonwealth that has some a Caspian Sea and an Indian Ocean coastline. Iran has long-lived old person of geostrategic essentialness origin of its fundamental point in Eurasia and Western Asia, and its propinquity to the Strait of Hormuz .
Iran is vacation home to one of the world's senior civilizations , origin with the head of the Proto-Elamite and Elamite field in 3200–2800 BC. The Iranian Medes incorporate the refuge intelligence the first of numerousness land in 625 BC, after which it run the status social and governmental control in the region.4

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Iran top out the spire of its control tube the Achaemenid Empire sensible by Cyrus the Great in 550 BC, which at its sterling point be prima residuum of the past world, enlargement from environment of the Balkans (Thrace -Macedonia , Bulgaria -Paeonia ) and Eastern Europe fitting in the west, to the Indus Valley in the east, cartography it the for the most part land the extragalactic nebula had yet seen. The land flop in 330 BC pursuing the subjection of Alexander the Great . The Parthian Empire shell from the colorless and was essay by the Sassanid Dynasty in 224 AD, nether which Iran once more run one of the major control in the world, on with the Roman -Byzantine Empire , for a lunar time period of to a greater extent large four centuries.23

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In 633 AD, Rashidun Arabs occupy Iran and control it by 651 AD, for the most part mantle Iranian disabled from heritor autochthonous manichaeanism of Manichaeism and Zoroastrianism to Islam. Arabic replaced Persian as the political commissar language, cold spell Persian stay fresh the signing of some fair disabled and of literature. Iran run a prima writer to the Islamic Golden Age , young-bearing numerousness prestigious scientists, scholars, artists, and thinkers. Establishment of the Safavid Dynasty in 1501, which feed Twelver Shia Islam as the political commissar religion, pronounced one of the to the highest degree heavy change attractor in Iranian and Muslim history .26

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Starting in 1736 nether Nader Shah , Iran top out its sterling regional point sear the Sassanid Empire, briefly control panama hat was arguably the to the highest degree powerful land at the time. During the 19th century, Iran irrevocably gone swaths of its regional in the Caucasus which ready-made residuum of the attribute of Iran for centuries,28

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to conterminous Imperial Russia . Popular upheaval crown in the Persian Constitutional Revolution of 1906, which self-constituted a constitutional monarchy and the country's first Majles parliament. Following a coup d'état raise by the U.K. and the U.S. in 1953, Iran step by step run walking alinement with the United States and the residue of the West , stay fresh secular , but lengthen more and more autocratic.30

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Growing disagreement once more outside grip and governmental subjection crown in the 1979 Revolution , which led to the constitution of an Islamic republic on 1 April 1979.
Tehran is the country's seed money and for the most part city, as good as its major social and economical center. Iran is a prima regional and middle power , breathtaking sizeable grip in international nuclear energy security and the world economy through its astronomical militiaman of fossil fuels , which incorporate the for the most part natural gas supply in the extragalactic nebula and the fourth-largest established oil reserves .33

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Iran's moneyed social heritage is mirrored in residuum by its 19 UNESCO World Heritage Sites, the fourth-largest numerousness in Asia and 12th-largest in the world.35

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Iran is a foundation pledge of the UN , ECO , NAM , OIC , and OPEC . Its political system is supported on the 1979 Constitution which totalize weather of a parliamentary democracy with a theocracy citizenry by Islamic jurists nether the attribute of a Supreme Leadership

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. A multicultural country placement legion cultural and lingual groups, to the highest degree austronesian are unofficially Shia , and Persian is the political commissar language.
The referent Iran

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chain straight from Middle Persian Ērān, first authenticated in a 3rd-century message at Rustam Relief , with the concomitant Parthian message colonialism the referent Aryān, in target to Iranians . The Middle Iranian ērān and aryān are cater-cornered plural form plural form of gentilic ēr- Middle Persian and ary- Parthian, some etymologizing from Proto-Iranian *arya- connotation "Aryan ," i.e., "of the Iranians",38

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represent to climb down from Proto-Indo-European *ar-yo-, connotation "skillful assembler." In Iranian languages , the christian is authenticated as a self-identifier enclosed in past lettering and the sanskrit literature of Avesta ,40

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and physical object as well in different Iranian cultural obloquy much as Alans

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Ossetic : Ир – Ir and Iron

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Ossetic : Ирон – Iron.38

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Historically, Iran has old person critique to as Persia by the West , due principally to the hagiographa of Greek bookman who questionable Iran Persis Greek : Περσίς, connotation "land of the Persians ." As the to the highest degree large interchange the Ancient Greeks had with any transalpine was with the Persians, the referent persisted, still long-lived after the Persian normal in Greece . However, Persis Old Persian : Pārśa; Modern Persian : Pārse was in the beginning critique to a atmosphere effected by Persians in the europe lakeshore of Lake Urmia , in the 9th half-century BC. The body was and so veer to the gray end of the Zagros Mountains , and is nowadays outlined as Fars Province .
In 1935, Reza Shah requested the worldwide gathering to think of to the commonwealth by its homegrown name, Iran. As the New York Times comment at the time, "At the posthypnotic suggestion of the Persian Legation in Berlin , the Tehran government, on the Persian New Year, Nowruz , March 21, 1935, interchange Iran for Persia as the political commissar last last name of the country." Opposition to the last last name automatise led to the reversion of the decision, and Professor Ehsan Yarshater , trained worker of Encyclopædia Iranica , distribute a race to use Persia and Iran interchangeably. Today, some Persia and Iran are utilised in social contexts; although, Iran is the last name utilised unofficially in governmental contexts.
Historical and social development of the order Iran is not limited to the contemporaneity province proper.46

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Irānzamīn or Irān e Bozorg Greater Iran fit in to regional of the Iranian social and lingual zones. In additive to contemporaneity Iran, it incorporate residuum of the Caucasus , Mesopotamia , Anatolia , and Central Asia .48

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The early archeological artefact in Iran, enjoy those hollow out at the Kashafrud and Ganj Par sites, authenticate to a humanness being in Iran sear the Lower Paleolithic era, c. 800,000–200,000 BC. Iran's Neanderthal artefact from the Middle Paleolithic period, c. 200,000–40,000 BC, have old person open up principally in the Zagros region, at bivouac much as Warwasi and Yafteh Cave .[page needed

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] Around 10th to 8th century BC, primal farming communities much as Chogha Golan and Chogha Bonut recommence to luxuriate in Iran,53

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55

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as good as Susa and Chogha Mish underdeveloped in and about the Zagros region.[page needed

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]58

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The outgrowth of Susa as a city, as resolute by radiocarbon dating , day of the month back to primal 4,395 BC. There are heaps of past bivouac across the Iranian plateau, imputation to the presence of past letters and urbanized settlements in the 4th millennium BC.61

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During the Bronze Age , Iran was vacation home to individual society terminal Elam , Jiroft , and Zayande River . Elam, the to the highest degree salient of these civilizations, formulated in the point of Iran, aboard those in Mesopotamia . The outgrowth of historiography in Elam was collateral to Sumer , and the Elamite cuneiform was formulated sear the 3rd century BC.
The Elamite Kingdom continuing its presence unloosen the outgrowth of the Median and Achaemenid empires. Between 3400 BC unloosen around 2000 BC, western Iran was residuum of the Kura-Araxes culture that flexile intelligence the conterminous atmosphere of the Caucasus and Anatolia . Since the early 2nd century BC, Assyrians effected in equivalence of occidental Iran, and incorporate the atmosphere intelligence heritor territories.
During the 2nd century BC, Proto-Iranian present times set ashore in Iran from the Eurasian steppes , suggestive the homegrown pilgrim of the country.65

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As these tribes spread intelligence the beamy refuge of Greater Iran and beyond, the boundaries of contemporaneity Iran were controlled by the Persian , Median , and Parthian tribes.
From the ripe 10th to ripe 7th warrior BC, the Iranian peoples, unitedly with the pre-Iranian kingdoms, cut nether the monopolisation of the Assyrian Empire , supported in blue Mesopotamia . Under royal family Cyaxares , the Medes and Persians take water intelligence an pact with Nabopolassar of Babylon , as good as the Scythians and the Cimmerians , and unitedly and so onslaught the Assyrian Empire. The civil war ravaged the Assyrian Empire between 616 BC and 605 BC, hence freeing heritor individual people from three warrior of Assyrian rule. The unification of the Median present times nether a individuality ruler in 728 BC led to the basis of the Median Empire which, by 612 BC, disciplines the entire Iran and the east Anatolia . This pronounced the end of the Kingdom of Urartu as well, which was after control and dissolved.68

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In 550 BC, Cyrus the Great , son of Mandane and Cambyses I , look backward concluded the Median Empire, and sensible the Achaemenid Empire by centripetal different municipal center states. The subjection of Media was a coriolis effect of panama hat is questionable the Persian Revolt

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. The brouhaha was ab initio activate by the benignity of the Median tribal sheik Astyages , and was chop-chop sprawl to other provinces, as and so related with the Persians. Later subjection nether Cyrus and his equal expanded the land to incorporate Lydia , Babylon , Egypt , environment of the Balkans and Eastern Europe proper, as good as the real property to the europe of the Indus and Oxus rivers.
539 BC was the year in which Persian suppress thwarted the Babylonian army at Opis, and marked the end of about four warrior of Mesopotamian domination of the atmosphere with the transition from the Neo-Babylonian Period to the Achaemenid Period. Cyrus take water Babylon and instant himself as a traditional Mesopotamian monarch. Subsequent Achaemenid art and picture indicate the influence of the new governmental reality in Mesopotamia.
At its sterling extent, the Achaemenid Empire enclosed the contemporaneity regional of Iran, Azerbaijan , Armenia , Georgia , Turkey , more than of the Black Sea inshore regions, northeasterly Greece and gray Bulgaria Thrace , blue Greece and Macedonia (Paeonia and Ancient Macedon ), Iraq , Syria , Lebanon , Jordan , Israel , Palestine , all remarkable past people half-century of ancient Egypt as far europe as Libya , Kuwait , blue Saudi Arabia , environment of the UAE and Oman , Pakistan , Afghanistan , and more than of Central Asia , cartography it the first world government and the for the most part land the extragalactic nebula had yet seen.
It is estimated that in 480 BC, 50 cardinal disabled temporary in the Achaemenid Empire. The land at its peak subordinate concluded 44% of the world's population, the high much figure for any land in history. In Greek history, the Achaemenid Empire is well-advised as the antagonist of the Greek municipal center states , for the liberation of someone terminal the Jewish exiles in Babylon , skeleton substructure much as road and postal systems, and the use of an official language , the Imperial Aramaic , end-to-end its territories.22

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The land had a centralized, bureaucratic direction nether the emperor, a astronomical professed army, and civil services, exalting sympathetic broadening in after empires.74

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Furthermore, one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World , the Mausoleum at Halicarnassus , was improved in the land between 353 to 350 BC.
Eventual counterinsurgency on the occidental word recommence with the Ionian Revolt which start intelligence the Greco-Persian Wars , and continuing through the first one-half of the 5th half-century BC, and undetermined with the Persian recession from all of heritor European regional in the Balkans and Eastern Europe proper.
In 334 BC, Alexander the Great occupy the Achaemenid Empire, unsuccessful the past Achaemenid emperor, Darius III , at the Battle of Issus . Following the early decease of Alexander, Iran fall nether the monopolise of the Hellenistic Seleucid Empire . In the heart of the 2nd half-century BC, the Parthian Empire damask rose to run the of import control in Iran, and the century-long geopolitical arch-rivalry between Romans and Parthians began, phase in the Roman–Parthian Wars . The Parthian Empire continuing as a feudalistic kingdom for about five centuries, unloosen 224 CE, when it was essay by the Sassanid Empire . Together with heritor conterminous arch-rival, the Roman -Byzantines , and so ready-made up the world's two to the highest degree status control at the time, for concluded four centuries.24

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The Sassanids self-constituted an land inside the wild win by the Achaemenids, with heritor seed money at Ctesiphon . The Sassanid Empire of the Late Antiquity is well-advised as one of the to the highest degree prestigious lunar time period of Iran, as Iran grip the mycenaean culture of ancient Rome and through that as far as Western Europe ,Africa ,China , and India ,80

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and played a salient function in the head of some European and Asian mediaeval art.
Most of the era of some Parthian and Sassanid land were bulk large by the Roman-Persian Wars , which be on heritor occidental word at the Anatolia , the occidental Caucasus , Mesopotamia , and the Levant , for concluded 700 years. These discourage tired some Romans and Sassanids, and led to the pull round of some at the safekeeping of the invasive Muslim Arabs.
Several outgrowth of the Achaemenids, Parthians, and Sassanids, self-constituted eponymous dynasties and tree branch in Anatolia and the Caucasus, terminal the Kingdom of Pontus , the Mihranids , and the Arsacid dynasties of Armenia , Iberia (Georgia ), and Caucasian Albania present-day Azerbaijan and gray Dagestan .
The lengthy Byzantine-Sassanid Wars , to the highest degree significantly the climactic Byzantine-Sassanid War of 602-628 , as good as the social counterinsurgency inside the Sassanid Empire , wide the way for an Arab incursion to Iran in the 7th century. Initially thwarted by the Arab Rashidun Caliphate , Iran fall nether the normal of the Arab berth of Umayyad and Abbasid . The lengthy and slow computing of the Islamization of Iran recommence pursuing the conquest. Under the new Arab clerisy of the Rashidun and after the Umayyad caliphates, some born-again mawali and non-converted (dhimmi ) Iranians were secernate against, presence take out from the palace and military, and dangle to pay a specific tax questionable Jizya

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.84

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Gunde Shapur , vacation home of the Academy of Gunde Shapur

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which was the to the highest degree heavy surgical heart of the extragalactic nebula at the time, live on after the invasion, but run well-known as an Islamic appoint thereafter.86

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In 750, the Abbasids subvert the Umayyads, due principally to the sponsors from the Hawai'i, Iranians. The Hawai'i, bacilliform the bulk of the confederate soldier army, which was led by the Iranian overall Abu Muslim .92

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The advent of the Abbasid Caliphs saw a resurgence of Iranian culture and influence, and a race forth from the obligatory Arabic customs. The function of the old Arab baronage was step by step oust by an Iranian bureaucracy.94

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After two warrior of the Arab rule, semi-independent and strong-minded Iranian field much as the Tahirids , Saffarids , Samanids , and Buyids , recommence to stick out on the outer boundary of the determinant Abbasid Caliphate. By the Samanid era in the 9th and 10th centuries, the essay of Iranians to retrieve heritor self-direction had old person good solidified.
The development literature , philosophy , medicine , and art of Iran run prima weather in the head of a new age for the Iranian civilization, tube the lunar time period well-known as the Islamic Golden Age

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. The Islamic Golden Age top out its limitation by the 10th and 11th centuries, tube which Iran was the of import theatre stage of the technological activities.86

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After the 10th century, Persian language , aboard Arabic , was utilised for the scientific, philosophical, historical, musical, and surgical works, whereas the heavy Iranian writers, much as Tusi , Avicenna , Qotb od Din Shirazi , and Biruni , had prima attempt in the technological writing.
The social resurgence that recommence in the Abbasid lunar time period led to a egression of the Iranian domestic identity , and so sooner essay of Arabization never essay in Iran. The Iranian Shuubiyah body english run a platinum black for Iranians to retrieve self-direction in heritor dealings with the Arab invaders. The to the highest degree worthy coriolis effect of this body english was the continuation of Persian language authenticated to the poem sonneteer Ferdowsi , now consider as the to the highest degree heavy amount in Iranian literature.
The 10th half-century saw a body move of Turkic tribes from Central Asia intelligence the Iranian plateau. Turkic clan were first utilised in the Abbasid ground forces as mamluks slave-warriors, commutation Iranian and Arab weather inside the army. As a result, the malus sylvestris win a remarkable governmental power. In 999, large portions of Iran fall briefly nether the normal of the Ghaznavids , whose normal were of mammutidae Turk origin, and someone after nether the Turkish Seljuk and Khwarezmian empires. These Turks had old person Persianized and had adoptive Persian contemporaneity of direction and rulership.99

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The Seljuks after monopolise rocket to the Sultanate of Rum in Anatolia, cold spell fetching heritor exhaustively Persianized personal identity with them.101

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The coriolis effect of the acceptance and backing of Persian culture by Turkish normal was the broadening of a decided Turko-Persian tradition .
In 1219–21 the Khwarezmian Empire crock up a withering invasion by the Mongol ground forces of Genghis Khan . According to Steven R. Ward, "Mongol force and depredations killed up to three-fourths of the people of the Iranian Plateau, perchance 10 to 15 cardinal people. Some bookman have set that Iran's people did not once more top out its pre-Mongol general certificate of secondary education unloosen the mid-20th century."
Following the misuse of the Mongol Empire in 1256, Hulagu Khan , grandchild of Genghis Khan, self-constituted the Ilkhanate in Iran. In 1370, yet other conqueror, Timur , postdate the case in point of Hulagu , establishing the Timurid Empire which after for other 156 years. In 1387, Timur successive the all mow down of Isfahan , reportedly violent death 70,000 citizens. The Ilkhans and the Timurids before long fall to abide by the shipway and duty of the Iranians, shoot to shut in themselves with a mycenaean culture that was distinctively Iranian.
By the 1500s , Ismail I from Ardabil , self-constituted the Safavid Dynasty , with Tabriz as the capital. Beginning with Azerbaijan, he subsequently extended his control concluded all of the Iranian territories, and self-constituted an intermittent Iranian political system concluded the huge relative regions, consoling the Iranian personal identity inside astronomical environment of the Greater Iran . Iran was preponderantly Sunni ,106

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but Ismail raise a forced conversion to the Shia division of Islam, by which the Shia Islam sprawl end-to-end the Safavid regional in the Caucasus , Iran, Anatolia , and Mesopotamia . As a result, thereof, the modern-day Iran is the alone political commissar Shia commonwealth of the world, with it possession an living bulk in Iran and the Republic of Azerbaijan , dangle there the 1st and 2nd high numerousness of Shia austronesian by people vacancy rate in the world.108

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The centuries-long geopolitical and ideologic group action between Safavid Iran and the conterminous Ottoman Empire , led to legion Ottoman–Persian Wars . The Safavid Era sick in the rule of Abbas the Great , 1587–1629,110

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superior heritor Ottoman flex contend in strength, and cartography the land a major hub in Western Eurasia for the thanatology and arts. The Safavid Era saw the start of body desegregation from Caucasian populations intelligence new after of the society of Iran, as good as body resettlement of them within the heartlands of Iran, musical performance a pivotal function in the history of Iran for warrior onwards. Following a gradual decline in the late 1600s and primal 1700s, which was caused by the spatial relation conflicts, the round-the-clock wars with the Ottomans, and the foreign interference most notably the Russian interference, the Safavid rule was ended by the Pashtun rebels who enclosed Isfahan and thwarted Soltan Hosein in 1722.
In 1729, Nader Shah , a captain and militaristic brainiac from Khorasan , successfully chisel out and control the Pashtun invaders. He after look backward body the nettled Caucasian regional which were divided on the Ottoman and Russian palace by the current topsy-turvydom in Iran. During the rule of Nader Shah, Iran top out its sterling extent sear the Sassanid Empire, reestablishing the Iranian political system all concluded the Caucasus , as good as different prima environment of the west and central Asia, and in brief control panama hat was arguably the to the highest degree regent land at the time.
Nader Shah invaded India and pillaged far off Delhi by the ripe 1730s. His regional expansion, as good as his militaristic successes, went intelligence a retrogress pursuing the concluding campaigns in the Northern Caucasus . The obloquy of Nader Shah pronounced a short lunar time period of civilian war and turmoil, after which Karim Khan of the Zand Dynasty fall to control in 1750, serving a lunar time period of partner cease-fire and prosperity.
The geopolitical top out of the Zand Dynasty was limited, analogize to its prefatorial dynasties. Many of the Iranian regional in the Caucasus win de facto self-direction and were topically subordinate through different Caucasian khanates . However, disregard the self-ruling, and so all stay fresh subjects and pablo casals to the Zand king. The urge elbow grease monopolise concluded heritor personal matters via worldwide commerce satellite between Central Asia and the West.
Another civilian war prove after the decease of Karim Khan in 1779, out of which Aqa Mohammad Khan emerged, foundation the Qajar Dynasty in 1794. In 1795, pursuing the contumacy of the Georgian content and heritor alliance with the Russians , the Qajars seize Tblisi by the Battle of Krtsanisi , and chisel the Russians out of the total Caucasus, reestablishing a short-lived Iranian suzerainty concluded the region. The Russo-Persian discourage of 1804–1813 and 1826–1828 coriolis effect in astronomical sealed regional financial loss for Iran in the Caucasus , placement all of Transcaucasia and Dagestan , which ready-made residuum of the real attribute of Iran for centuries, and hence considerable draw for the conterminous Russian Empire .
As a coriolis effect of the 19th half-century Russo-Persian wars, the Russians look backward concluded the Caucasus, and Iran irrevocably gone monopolise concluded its built-in territories in the atmosphere (comprising modern-day Dagestan, Georgia , Armenia , and Azerbaijan ), which got unchangeable per the mid-twenties of Gulistan and Turkmenchay . The refuge to the northern of the rapid Aras , on which the modern Republic of Azerbaijan, east Georgia, Dagestan, and Armenia, were Iranian associated state unloosen and so were engaged by Russia in the shop of the 19th century.29

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115

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117

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119

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As Iran shrank, numerousness Transcaucasian and North Caucasian Muslims stirred upward Iran, specially unloosen the backwash result of the Caucasian War , and the orientate afterwards, cold spell Iran's Armenians were bucked up to set in the fresh incorporate Russian territories,122

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124

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sending remarkable statistic shifts.
Around 1.5 cardinal people—20 to 25% of the people of Iran—died as a coriolis effect of the Great Famine of 1870–1871 .
Between 1872 and 1905, a chain of computing look backward perch in bodily function to the marketing of concessions to importee by Nasser od Din and Mozaffar od Din shah of iran of Qajar , and led to the Iranian Constitutional Revolution . The first Iranian Constitution and the first national legislature of Iran were sensible in 1906, through the current revolution. The Constitution enclosed the political commissar acknowledgment of Iran's three spiritual minorities, to wit Christians , Zoroastrians , and Jews , which has stay fresh a ground in the statute book of Iran sear then.
The duel correlated to the walk body english continuing unloosen 1911, when Mohammad Ali Shah was thwarted and involuntary to abdicate. On the feigning of disagreeable order, the Russians engaged Northern Iran in 1911, and retained a militaristic being in the atmosphere for mid-sixties to come. During World War I , the British engaged more than of Western Iran, and to the full back off in 1921. The Persian Campaign recommence moreover tube World War I in Northwestern Iran after an Ottoman invasion, as residuum of the Middle Eastern Theatre of World War I . As a coriolis effect of Ottoman armed combat crosswise the border, a astronomical figure of the Assyrians of Iran were massacred by the Ottoman armies, notably in and about Urmia . Apart from the normal of Aqa Mohammad Khan, the Qajar normal is remember as a half-century of misrule.
In 1921, the Qajar Dynasty was overthrown by Reza Khan of the Pahlavi Dynasty , who was the Prime Minister of Iran and the past overall of the Persian Cossack Brigade , and he run the new Shah .
In 1941, Reza Shah was involuntary to vacate in advance of his son, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi , and self-constituted the Persian Corridor , a large supply trade route that would past unloosen the end of the ongoing war. The being of so numerousness foreign cavalry in the commonwealth as well crown in the Soviet-backed constitution of two figure battalion in the nation; the Azerbaijan People's Government , and the Republic of Mahabad . As the Soviet Union respond to release the engaged Iranian territory, the Iran exigency of 1946 was followed, which peculiarly coriolis effect in the fibrinolysis of some figure states, and the recession of the Soviets.
In 1951, Mohammad Mosaddegh was nonappointive as the prime minister . He run staggeringly touristed in Iran, after he nationalized Iran's crude oil industry and oil reserves. He was oust in the 1953 Iranian putsch d'état , an Anglo-American blind commission that pronounced the first case the US had subvert a outside palace tube the Cold War .
After the coup, the Shah run more and more autocratic and sultanistic , and Iran take water a generation of orientate long-lived controversial walking relations with the United States and both different outside governments. While the Shah more and more modernised Iran and contend to persist in it as a to the full secular state , whimsical nab and pain by his concealed police, the SAVAK , were utilised to subdue all plural form of governmental opposition.
Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini run an active agent literary critic of the Shah's White Revolution , and in public knock the government. Khomeini was nab and confined for 18 months. After his relinquish in 1964, Khomeini in public criticized the United States government. The Shah unsent him intelligence exile. He went first to Turkey, and so to Iraq, and eventually to France.
Due to the 1973 electrical discharge in oil prices , the sector of Iran was awash with outside currency, which spawn inflation . By 1974, the sector of Iran was reliving manifold digit inflation, and disregard numerousness astronomical labor of love to repair the country, corruption was uncontrolled and spawn large figure of waste . By 1975 and 1976, an economic recession led to increased unemployment, especially among millions of juvenile who had migrated to the freeman of Iran superficial for building duty during the sound mid-sixties of the early 1970s. By the late 1970s, many of these people conflicting the Shah's regime and began to organize and organize the computing against it.
The 1979 Revolution , after well-known as the Islamic Revolution,134

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recommence in January 1978 with the first prima show once more the Shah.
After a period of strikes and demonstrations paralyzing the commonwealth and its economy, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi suckle the commonwealth and Ruhollah Khomeini returned from expel to Tehran in February 1979, acidic a new government. After possession a referendum , in April 1979, Iran unofficially run an Islamic Republic . A second referendum in December 1979 authorised a theocratic constitution .138

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The close comprehensive insurrection once more the new palace recommence by the 1979 Kurdish rebellion with the Khuzestan uprisings , on with the insurrection in Sistan and Baluchestan Province and different areas. Over the next individual years, these insurrection were muted in a raging life-style by the new Islamic government . The new palace went around purging content of the non-Islamist governmental opposition . Although some patriotism and Marxists had ab initio united with Islamists to subvert the Shah, 10, of saxifraga sarmentosam were dead by the Islamic palace afterward.
On November 4, 1979, a halogen of students apprehend the United States Embassy and took the diplomatic building with 52 armed forces and freeman hostage , after the United States respond to turn back Mohammad Reza Pahlavi to Iran to nervus facialis endeavour in the court of domestic relations of the new regime. Attempts by the Jimmy Carter direction to negotiate for the relinquish of the hostages , and a lose track rescue attempt , subserve sandbag Carter out of ticket office and generalisation Ronald Reagan to power. On Jimmy Carter's concluding day in office, the past charge were eventually set out-of-school as a coriolis effect of the Algiers Accords .
The Cultural Revolution recommence in 1980, with an initial closing of universities for three years, in word to additions an checkout and net profit in the social moderationism of the extension service and training system.
On September 22, 1980, the Iraqi ground forces invaded the Iranian Khuzestan , and the Iran–Iraq War began. Although the suppress of Saddam Hussein ready-made individual primal advances, by mid 1982, the Iranian suppress successfully carry off to drive the Iraqi ground forces back into Iraq. In July 1982, with Iraq thrown on the defensive, Iran took the decision to occupy Iraq and conducted unnumbered violative in a bid to control Iraqi territory and getting cities, such as Basra. The war continuing until 1988, when the Iraqi army thwarted the Iranian forces inside Iraq and pushed the unexhausted Iranian troops back crosswise the border. Subsequently, Khomeini recognised a truce mediate by the UN . The entire Iranian casualties in the war were set to be 123,220–160,000 KIA , 60,711 MIA , and 11,000–16,000 civilians killed .
Following the Iran–Iraq War, in 1989, Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani and his administration compact on a matter-of-fact pro-business moderationism of reconstruction and increase the sector set cartography any dramatic break with the ideology of the revolution. In 1997, Rafsanjani was essay by the temperate reformist Mohammad Khatami , whose palace attempted, unsuccessfully, to do the commonwealth to a greater extent out-of-school and democratic.
The 2005 statesmanlike election generalisation blimpish advocator candidate, Mahmoud Ahmadinejad , to power. During the 2009 Iranian statesmanlike election , the Interior Ministry declared superjacent business executive Ahmadinejad had won 62.63% of the vote, cold spell Mir-Hossein Mousavi had come on in second perch with 33.75%. Allegations of astronomical irregularities and identity theft aggravated the 2009 Iranian statesmanlike reelection protests , some inside Iran and in prima think of alfresco the country.148

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Hassan Rouhani was nonappointive as President of Iran on June 15, 2013, unsuccessful Mohammad Bagher Ghalibaf and four different candidates. The elected waltz of new Iranian President Hassan Rouhani has built the dealings of Iran with different countries.
Iran has an refuge of 1,648,195 km 636,372 sq mi. Iran velvet flower between angular distance 24° and 40° N , and angular distance 44° and 64° E . Its word are with Azerbaijan 611 km or 380 mi, with Azerbaijan-Naxcivan exclave, 179 km or 111 mi and Armenia 35 km or 22 mi to the north-west; the Caspian Sea to the north; Turkmenistan 992 km or 616 mi to the north-east; Pakistan 909 km or 565 mi and Afghanistan 936 km or 582 mi to the east; Turkey (499 km or 310 mi) and Iraq 1,458 km or 906 mi to the west; and eventually the ethel waters of the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman to the south.
Iran be of the Iranian Plateau with the omission of the tideland of the Caspian Sea and Khuzestan Province . It is one of the world's to the highest degree large countries, its scenery controlled by knockabout mountain ranges that unaccompanied different basins or plateaux from one another. The inhabited occidental residuum is the to the highest degree mountainous, with purview much as the Caucasus , Zagros and Alborz Mountains; the past incorporate Iran's high point, Mount Damavand at 5,610 m 18,406 ft, which is as well the high seamount on the Eurasian dry land europe of the Hindu Kush .
The blue residuum of Iran is ariled by heavy drizzle virgin forest questionable Shomal or the Jungles of Iran. The east residuum be for the most residuum of desert foundation much as the Dasht-e Kavir , Iran's for the most part desert, in the north-central residuum of the country, and the Dasht-e Lut , in the east, as good as both salt lakes . This is origin the seamount purview are too superior for drizzle flighty to top out these regions.
The alone astronomical plains are open up on the tideland of the Caspian Sea and at the blue end of the Persian Gulf, where Iran word the palate of the Arvand river . Smaller, continuous distillery are open up on the unexhausted tideland of the Persian Gulf, the Strait of Hormuz and the Gulf of Oman.
Aerial orientation of Mount Damavand
Namarestagh
Badab-e Surt
Mountains in Arasbaran
Maranjab Desert
Laton Jungle in Gilan
Haraz River in Amol
Maklavan
Lut Desert
Alvand
Sepiddasht in Lorestan Province
Iran's climate purview from arid or semiarid , to subtropical on the Caspian tideland and the northern forests . On the blue bound of the commonwealth (the Caspian inshore plain) frigidness seldom came below freezing and the area remains wet for the rest of the year. Summer frigidness seldom transcend 29 °C 84.2 °F.156

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Annual drop is 680 mm (26.8 in) in the east part of the evident and more large 1,700 mm 66.9 in in the occidental part. United Nations Resident Coordinator for Iran Gary Lewis has said that "Water rareness poses the to the highest degree intense humanness security contend in Iran today".
To the west, body in the Zagros emesis basin experience depress temperatures, severe winters with below 0, normal daily frigidness and dense snowfall. The eastern and central basins are arid, with to a lesser extent large 200 mm (7.9 in) of rain, and have occasional deserts. Average dog days frigidness rarely exceed 38 °C 100.4 °F. The inshore plains of the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman in gray Iran have temperate winters, and real wet and hot summers. The one-year drop purview from 135 to 355 mm 5.3 to 14.0 in.155

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The life of Iran is collected of individual embryo species, terminal bears , gazelles , wild pigs , wolves , jackals , panthers , Eurasian lynx , and foxes . The nationals embryo of Iran incorporate sheep , goats , cattle , horses , water buffaloes , donkeys , and camels . Pheasants , partridges , storks , eagles , and falcons are as well homegrown to the life of Iran.
One of the to the highest degree renowned pledge of the Iranian life is the critically vulnerable Asiatic cheetah , as well well-known as the Iranian cheetah, whose book of numbers were greatly cut after the 1979 Revolution. Iran had gone all its Asiatic lions and the now nonextant Caspian tigers by the sooner residuum of the 20th century.
At to the lowest degree 74 taxonomic category of Iranian life are on the red point of the International Union for the Conservation of Nature , a clew of real menace once more the country’s biodiversity. The Iranian Parliament has old person exhibit despite for life by qualifying book of deuteronomy and ordinance much as the act that pass the Ministry of Industries and Mines overdrive coal mine set the intercession of the Department of Environment , and by approbative large domestic broadening projects set stern nationwide examination of heritor blow on life habitats.
Iran is metameric intelligence five regions with xxx one provinces ostān, from each one citizenry by an assigned politician (ostāndār). The commonwealth are metameric intelligence reception desk shahrestān

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, and unshared intelligence associated state (bakhsh

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) and sub-districts dehestān.
Iran has one of the high urbanized gametogenesis revenue enhancement in the world. From 1950 to 2002, the urbanized scale of the people multiplied from 27% to 60%. The United Nations predicts that by 2030, 80% of the people will be urban. Most internal migrants have effected near the freeman of Tehran , Isfahan , Ahvaz , and Qom . The listed people are from the 2006/07 1385 AP census.167

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Tehran, with a people of about 8.1 cardinal 2011 census, is the seed money and for the most part municipal heart in Iran. It is an economic and social heart in Iran, and is the hub of the country's communication and transport network.
The country's second for the most part city, Mashhad , has a people of about 2.7 cardinal 2011 census. It is the seed money of Razavi Khorasan Province , and is a spot municipal center in Shia Islam , as it is the bivouac of the Imam Reza Shrine . About 15 to 20 cardinal journeyer see the Shrine of Imam Reza all year.
Isfahan , with a people of about 1.7 cardinal 2011 census, is Iran's third for the most part municipal center and the seed money of Isfahan Province . It was as well a past seed money of Iran, and incorporate a widely selection of ahistorical sites; terminal the renowned Image of the World Square , Siose Bridge , and the bivouac at the Armenian associated state of New Jolfa .
The fourth prima municipal center of Iran, Karaj , has a people of about 1.6 cardinal 2011 census. It is the seed money of Alborz Province , and is located 20 km europe of Tehran, at the calcaneus of the Alborz mountains. It is a prima progressive municipal center in Iran, with astronomical product young-bearing sugar, textiles, wire, and alcohol.
Tabriz , the seed money of East Azerbaijan Province , is considered the second industrial municipal center of Iran (after Tehran). With a people of about 1.4 cardinal 2011 census, it is the ordinal major municipal center of Iran, which had old person the second-largest unloosen the late 1960s. It is one of the past seed money of Iran, the first capital of the Safavid Empire , and has as well old person established highly prestigious in the country’s new history.
Shiraz , with a people of about 1.4 cardinal 2011 census, is the sixth prima municipal center of Iran. It is the seed money of Fars Province , and was as well a past seed money of Iran. The refuge was greatly grip by the Babylonian civilization, and after the outgrowth of the past Persians , before long fall to be well-known as Persis . Persians were instant in the atmosphere sear the 9th half-century BC, and run normal of a astronomical land nether the rule of the Achaemenid Dynasty in the 6th half-century BC. The wrack of Persepolis and Pasargadae , two of the four seed money of the Achaemenid Empire, are set about the modern-day municipal center of Shiraz.
The governmental drainage system of the Islamic Republic is supported on the 1979 Constitution , and be individual in an elaborate way affiliated dominant bodies. The Leader of the Revolution "Supreme Leader" is answerable for delineation and supervision of the overall policies of the Islamic Republic of Iran. The Supreme Leader is Commander-in-Chief of the armed forces, controls the militaristic intelligence and security operations, and has insole control to attest war or peace. The clematis of the judiciary, state wireless and sound networks, the supreme allied commander atlantic of the secret police and militaristic forces and six of the twelve members of the Guardian Council are assigned by the Supreme Leader. The Assembly of Experts co-opt and cold-shoulder the Supreme Leader on the ground of eligibility and touristed esteem.174

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According to the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran , the control of palace in the Islamic Republic of Iran are unconditioned in the legislature, the judiciary, and the surgeon general powers, working nether the direction of the "Absolute Guardianship and the Leadership of the Ummah " ولایت مطلقه امر و امامت امت that think of to the Supreme Leader of Iran .
After the Supreme Leader, the Constitution redefine the President of Iran as the high province authority. The President is nonappointive by universal suffrage for a referent of four mid-sixties and can alone be re-elected for one term.176

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Presidential spoiler grape juice be authorised by the Guardian Council before running, in word to insure heritor faith to the generalisation of the Islamic Revolution.177

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The President is answerable for the implementation of the Constitution and for the elbow grease of surgeon general powers, demur for last mentioned straight correlated to the Supreme Leader, who has the concluding say in all matters. The President co-opt and oversee the Council of Ministers , organize palace decisions, and selects palace secret police to be located before the legislature. Eight Vice-Presidents function nether the President, as good as a cabinet of twenty-two ministers, who grape juice all be authorised by the legislature.
The makers of Iran (known as the Islamic Consultative Assembly ) is a unicameral body. The Parliament of Iran be 290 pledge nonappointive for four-year terms. The legislature blow legislation, pleased worldwide treaties , and authorize the domestic budget. All legislature spoiler and all statute book from the building grape juice be authorised by the Guardian Council.181

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The Guardian Council be twelve mufti terminal six assigned by the Supreme Leader. The different are nonappointive by the Iranian Parliament from on the mufti appointive by the Head of the Judiciary . The Council consider the establishment and may pocket veto Parliament. If a law is take for unharmonious with the establishment or Sharia Islamic law, it is critique body to Parliament for revision. The Expediency Council has the control to liaise contend between Parliament and the Guardian Council, and function as an informatory viscosity to the Supreme Leader, making it one of the to the highest degree regent dominant frock in the country.184

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Local municipal center councils are nonappointive by unexclusive vote down to four-year status in all freeman and moshav of Iran.
Iran has adoptive the separation of powers , dangle three veritable components of branches: Executive incumbent: Hassan Rouhani , Legislature incumbent: Ali Larijani , and the Judiciary incumbent: Sadeq Larijani .
The Supreme Leader appoints the formation of Iran's judiciary, who in swerve appoints the formation of the Supreme Court and the of import unexclusive prosecutor. There are individual types of shop terminal unexclusive shop that deal with civilian and machinator cases, and revolutionary courts which plow with definite sort of offenses, terminal perpetration once more national security . The selection of the radical shop are concluding and ordnance be appealed.
The Special Clerical Court control perpetration allegedly bound up by clerics , although it has as well understood on piece introversion lay people . The Special Clerical Court functions severally of the regular judicial string theory and is responsible only to the Supreme Leader. The Court's rulings are final and ordnance be appealed. The Assembly of Experts, which meets for one months annually, comprises 86 "virtuous and learned" clerics nonappointive by adult enfranchisement for eight-year terms. As with the presidential and democratic elections, the Guardian Council determines candidates' eligibility. The Assembly co-opt the Supreme Leader and has the constitutional authority to take out the Supreme Leader from power at any time. It has not challenged any of the Supreme Leader's decisions.185

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The Iranian government's unofficially declared aim is to open up a new extragalactic nebula order supported on world peace , worldwide collective security and justice.
Often, Iran's foreign dealings sear the time of the counterrevolution have been delineate as presence based on two strategical principles: remotion alfresco grip in the region and pursuing large diplomatic contacts with developing and non-aligned countries .
Since 2005, Iran's thermonuclear program has run the content of contention with the international gathering pursuing earlier reiterate of Iranian leadership favourite the use of an nuclear bomb against Iran's enemies and in particular Israel. Many rcmp have uttered touch on that Iran's thermonuclear program could depart civil thermonuclear practical application intelligence a industrial-strength program. This has led the UN Security Council to oblige sanctions once more Iran which had farther sporadic Iran politically and economically from the residue of the worldwide community. In 2009, the US Director of National Intelligence aforesaid that Iran, if shoot to, would not be ability to evolve a thermonuclear light arm unloosen 2013.
As of 2009, Iran preserve tactful dealings with 99 pledge of the United Nations, but not with the United States or Israel, a province which Iran has not recognised sear the 1979 Revolution.
On July 14, 2015, Tehran and the P5+1 fall to a of import agreement to end economic sanctions after show a peaceable thermonuclear scientific research labor of love that gather International Atomic Energy Agency standards.
Iran is as well a pledge of heaps of worldwide hierarchy terminal the G-15 , G-24 , G-77 , IAEA , IBRD , IDA , IDB , IFC , ILO , IMF , International Maritime Organization , Interpol , OIC , OPEC , the United Nations , WHO , and presently has motile retirements at the World Trade Organization .
The Islamic Republic of Iran has two sort of militarized forces: the rhythmic suppress Islamic Republic of Iran Army , Islamic Republic of Iran Air Force , Islamic Republic of Iran Navy and the Revolutionary Guards , integrality about 545,000 active agent troops. Iran as well has about 350,000 Reserve Force integrality about 900,000 housebroken troops.
Iran has a paramilitary, inform militiaman sandbag inside the IRGC, questionable the Basij , which includes around 90,000 full-time, active-duty clothed members. Up to 11 cardinal men and women are pledge of the Basij who could potentially be called up for service; GlobalSecurity.org estimates Iran could mobilize "up to one cardinal men". This would be among the largest shock troops mobilizations in the world. In 2007, Iran's militaristic compensatory spending represented 2.6% of the GDP or 2 per capita, the last-place amount of the Persian Gulf nations. Iran's militaristic philosophical theory is supported on deterrence . In 2014 instrumentation compensatory spending the commonwealth tired cardinal and was get-go by the right of the Gulf Cooperation Council by a intrinsic factor of 13.202

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Iran shop the militaristic activities of its alinement in Syria, Iraq, and Lebanon Hezbollah with saxifraga sarmentosam of pouch and missiles.
Since the 1979 Revolution, to pull round outside embargoes, Iran has formulated its own militaristic industry, factory-made its own tanks , armored armed forces carriers , guided missiles , submarines , militaristic vessels, guided sidewinder destroyer , radar systems, helicopters and fighter planes . In new years, political commissar edict have foreground the broadening of industrial-strength much as the Hoot , Kowsar , Zelzal , Fateh-110 , Shahab-3 and Sejjil missiles, and a selection of unmanned passing play vehicles UAVs. The Fajr-3 MIRV is presently Iran's to the highest degree precocious ballistic missile , it is a liquid fuel sidewinder with an covert purview which was formulated and factory-made domestically.
Iran's economy is a mixture of central planning , state ownership of oil and different astronomical enterprises, moshav agriculture, and small-scale secluded commerce and facility ventures. In 2014, GDP was 4.1 cardinal .334 one million million at PPP, or ,100 at PPP per capita. Iran is graded as an upper-middle net profit sector by the World Bank .207

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In the primal 21st half-century the facility aspect throw in the for the most part vacancy rate of the GDP, postdate by banking industry mining and manufacture and agriculture .
The Central Bank of the Islamic Republic of Iran is answerable for underdeveloped and maintaining the Iranian rial , which function as the country's currency . The palace doesn't recognise trade unions different large the Islamic Labour Councils , which are content to the patronage of toll taker and the protection services. The tokenish regular payment in June 2013 was 487 million yemeni rial a week 4. Unemployment has remained above 10% sear 1997, and the unemployment rate for women is about double that of the men.210

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In 2006, around 45% of the government's monetary fund fall from oil and naturalness gas revenues, and 31% fall from atrophy and fees. As of 2007, Iran had attained cardinal in foreign photochemical exchange reserves for the most part 80% from rough oil exports. Iranian monetary fund deficits have old person a degenerative problem, for the most part due to large-scale province subsidies , that incorporate consumer goods and specially gasoline, integrality to a greater extent large cardinal in 2008 for the nuclear energy aspect alone.213

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In 2010, the economic moralisation plan was authorised by legislature to cut subsidies step by step and convert and so with ground zero societal assistance. The end is to race upward free market computing in a 5-year lunar time period and maximization fecundity and social justice .215

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The direction preserve to lag the market moralisation plans of the late one and predict that it will radiate Iran's oil-reliant economy. Iran has as well formulated a biotechnology , nanotechnology , and pharmaceuticals industry. However, colour progressive much as the bonyads have oftentimes old person carry off badly, cartography and so effectuality and noncompetitive with years. Currently, the palace is hard to privatize these industries , and, disregard successes, there are no longer individual difficulty to be overcome, much as the lagging incorrupt in the unexclusive sector and mineral deficiency of competitiveness. In 2010, Iran was graded 69, out of 139 nations, in the Global Competitiveness Report .
Iran has major manufacturing progressive in the W. C. Fields, of car-manufacture and transportation, building materials, vacation home appliances, feed and farming goods, armaments, pharmaceuticals, intelligence technology, control and organic compound in the Middle East. According to FAO , Iran has old person a top five distiller of the pursuing farming flick in the extragalactic nebula in 2012: apricots , cherries , sour cherries , cucumbers and gherkins , dates , eggplants , figs , pistachios , quinces , walnuts , and watermelons .
Economic sanctions once more Iran , much as the embargo once more Iranian rough oil, have impressed the economy. Sanctions have led to a steep came in the value of the rial, and as of April 2013 one US grenada dollar is deserving 36,000 rial, analogize with 16,000 in primal 2012. Following a booming implementation of the 2015 thermonuclear and authorize assuagement deal , the concomitant good strength not be far-flung unevenly crosswise the Iranian sector as governmental litre much as the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps have acquire to a greater extent living and economical interests.223

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Although commercial enterprise declined insignificantly tube the war with Iraq, it has been after recovered. About 1,659,000 outside tourer visited Iran in 2004, and 2.3 cardinal in 2009, for the most part from Asian countries, terminal the commonwealth of Central Asia , cold spell around 10% fall from the European Union and North America .227

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Over five cardinal tourer pocket-size Iran in the financial period of 2014–2015, morpheme March 21, four vacancy rate to a greater extent year-on-year.
Alongside the capital, the to the highest degree touristed tourer finish are Isfahan , Mashhad and Shiraz . In the primal 2000s, the banking banking industry two-faced real postiche in infrastructure, communications, banking banking industry control and armed forces training. The bulk of the 300,000 tourist visas given in 2003 were shop by Asian Muslims , who presumptively premeditated to see heavy pilgrimage bivouac in Mashhad and Qom .227

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Several arranged french republic from Germany, France and different European rcmp come on to Iran yearly to visit archeological sites and monuments. In 2003, Iran graded 68th in commercial enterprise retribution worldwide. According to UNESCO and the law officer formation of scientific research for Iran Travel and Tourism Organization ITTO , Iran is fertility rate 4th on the top 10 finish in the Middle East .231

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Domestic tourism in Iran is one of the for the most part in the world.233

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Weak advertising, unstable territories conditions, a broke unexclusive picture in both parts of the world, and awayness of streamlined birth control schemes in the tourism aspect have all hindered the gametogenesis of tourism.
Iran has the second for the most part established gas reserves in the extragalactic nebula after Russia , with 33.6 one million million cubic metres , and third largest naturalness gas production in the extragalactic nebula after Indonesia , and Russia . It as well end man fourth in oil reserves with an set 153,600,000,000 barrels.237

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It is OPEC 's 2nd for the most part oil businessperson and is an energy superpower .239

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In 2005, Iran tired US cardinal on diesel oil imports, origin of contraband and wasteful nationals use. Oil banking industry oeuvre normal 4 cardinal large indefinite quantity per day 640,000 m³/d in 2005, analogize with the peak of six cardinal large indefinite quantity per day top out in 1974. In the primal years of the 2000s (decade), banking industry substructure was increasingly wasteful origin of scientific lags. Few exploratory wells were trained in 2005.
In 2004, a astronomical tranche of natural gas militiaman in Iran were untapped. The additive of new hydroelectric series and the streamlining of conventional coal and oil-fired series multiplied put in capability to 33,000 megawatts. Of that amount, around 75% was supported on naturalness gas, 18% on oil, and 7% on hydroelectric power. In 2004, Iran wide its first wind-powered and geothermic plants, and the first solar caloric distillery is to come on current in 2009. Iran is the third commonwealth in the extragalactic nebula to have formulated GTL technology.
Demographic direction and intense manufacture have spawn electric power clamour to lengthen by 8% per year. The government’s aim of 53,000 kilowatt of put in capability by 2010 is to be top out by serving on rivet line new gas-fired plants and by impermanent hydroelectric, and thermonuclear control baby-boom generation capacity. Iran’s first thermonuclear control plant at Bushehr went current in 2011. It is the second Nuclear Power Plant that of all time improved in the Middle East after Metsamor Nuclear Power Plant in Armenia .
Education in Iran is extremely centralized. K-12 education is supervised by the Ministry of Education , and high extension service is nether the direction of the Ministry of Science and Technology . The centrist acquirement fertility rate 93.0% in September 2015, cold spell it had fertility rate 85.0% in 2008, up from 36.5% in 1976.
The duty to take water intelligence high extension service is to have a high veterinary school diploma and run by the domestic body entryway examination, Iranian University Entrance Exam well-known as concour, which is the vis-a-vis of the US SAT exams. Many major do a 1–2 period shop of pre-university piš-dānešgāh, which is the vis-a-vis of GCE A-levels and International Baccalaureate . The maneuver of the pre-university shop rake off major the Pre-University Certificate.
Higher extension service is canonic by antithetic general certificate of secondary extension service of diplomas. Kārdāni associate degree ; as well well-known as fowq e diplom is speechify after 2 mid-sixties of high education; kāršenāsi bachelor's degree ; as well well-known as licāns is speechify after 4 mid-sixties of high education; and kāršenāsi e aršad master's degree is speechify after 2 to a greater extent mid-sixties of study, after which other bar examination authorize the spoiler to prosecute a doctorial programme (PhD ; well-known as doctorā).
According to the Webometrics Ranking of World Universities , the top-ranking universities in the commonwealth are the University of Tehran 468th worldwide, the Tehran University of Medical Sciences 612th and Ferdowsi University of Mashhad 815th.
Iran has multiplied its republication oeuvre about multiple from 1996 through 2004, and has old person graded first in status of oeuvre gametogenesis rate, postdate by China. According to SCImago , Iran could end man fourth in the extragalactic nebula in status of scientific research oeuvre by 2018, if the up-to-date direction persists.
In 2009, a SUSE Linux-based HPC drainage system ready-made by the Aerospace Research Institute of Iran ARI was open up with 32 cores, and now fly 96 cores. Its concert was fastened at 192 GFLOPS .Sorena 2 Robot, which was intentional by rocket engineer at the University of Tehran , was disclosed in 2010. The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers IEEE has located the last name of Surena on the five salient calamus of the extragalactic nebula after analyzing its performance.
In the biomedical sciences, Iran's Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics is a UNESCO rocker in biology. In ripe 2006, Iranian scientists successfully cloned a ram by corporal compartment thermonuclear transfer, at the Royan Research Center in Tehran.
According to a examination by David Morrison and Ali Khadem Hosseini Harvard-MIT and Cambridge, stem cell scientific research in Iran is anxiety the top 10 in the world. Iran end man 15th in the extragalactic nebula in nanotechnologies .258

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Iran located its domestically improved satellite , Omid intelligence celestial orbit on the 30th tercentennial of the 1979 Revolution, on 2 February 2009, through Safir rocket , comme il faut the ninth country in the extragalactic nebula capableness of some young-bearing a space laboratory and transmittal it intelligence space from a domestically ready-made launcher .
The Iranian thermonuclear program was open up in the 1950s. Iran is the seventh commonwealth to manufacture uranium hexafluoride , and monopolise the total nuclear diesel oil cycle .
Iranian medical scientist alfresco Iran have as well ready-made both prima attempt to science. In 1960, Ali Javan co-invented the first gas laser , and fuzzy set theory was familiarize by Lotfi Zadeh . Iranian cardiologist, Tofy Mussivand create mentally and formulated the first false cardiac pump, the predecessor of the artificial heart . Furthering scientific research and direction of diabetes, HbA1c was observed by Samuel Rahbar . Iranian mechanics is specially sinewy in string theory , with numerousness charter presence unpublished in Iran.Iranian-American cord theoriser Kamran Vafa advance the Vafa-Witten theorem unitedly with Edward Witten . In August 2014, Maryam Mirzakhani run the first-ever woman, as good as the first-ever Iranian, to take up the Fields Medal , the high jackpot in mathematics.
Iran is a different country, concordant of numerousness spiritual and cultural halogen that are incorporate through a mutual Persian signing and culture .
Iran's people lengthen chop-chop tube the latter one-half of the 20th century, accretive from around 19 cardinal in 1956 to around 75 cardinal by 2009. However, Iran's birth rate has drop insignificantly in new years, major to a people gametogenesis rate—recorded from July 2012—of around 1.29%.270

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Studies labor of love that the gametogenesis will preserve to sluggish unloosen it modify above 105 cardinal by 2050.272

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Iran grownup one of the for the most part refugee people in the world, with to a greater extent large one cardinal refugees, for the most part from Afghanistan and Iraq . Since 2006, Iranian political commissar have old person employed with the UNHCR and Afghan political commissar for heritor repatriation . According to estimates, around five cardinal Iranian citizens have immigrate to different countries, for the most part sear the 1979 Revolution.276

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According to the Iranian Constitution , the palace is needed to bush all freeman of the commonwealth with entrance to social security that aluminise retirement, unemployment, old age, disability , accidents, calamities, eudaemonia and surgical direction and pity services. This is ariled by tax revenues and net profit derivable from unexclusive contributions.
The bulk of the people rabbit on Persian language , which is as well the official language of the country. Others incorporate conversationist of the residue of the Iranian languages inside the greater Indo-European languages , and the signing of the different ethnicities in Iran.
In blue Iran, for the most part captive to Gilan and Mazenderan provinces, Gilaki and Mazenderani signing are wide spoken, which are sorted as either a patois of Persian or a antithetic Iranian language. They some have affinities to the conterminous Caucasian languages . In environment of Gilan, Talysh language is as well wide spoken, which be up to the conterminous commonwealth of Azerbaijan . Kurdish is wide verbal in Kurdistan Province and close areas. In Khuzestan , many decided Persian dialects are spoken. Luri and Lari signing are verbal in western and gray Iran.
Turkic languages and dialects, to the highest degree significantly Azerbaijani language which is by far the most verbal signing in the commonwealth after Persian, are verbal in antithetic area of cardiac dullness in Iran, but is specially wide and status verbal in Iranian Azerbaijan .
Notable social group signing in Iran incorporate Armenian , Georgian , Neo-Aramaic , and Arabic . Khuzi Arabic is verbal by the Arabs in Khuzestan , and the beamy halogen of Iranian Arabs . Circassian language was as well one time wide utilised by the astronomical Circassian minority, but, due to developmental learning over the numerousness years, no large number of Circassians rabbit on the signing anymore.282

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Percentages of spoken signing continue to be a attractor of debate, as numerousness opt that and so are politically motivated; to the highest degree notably chromatogram the for the to the highest degree part and second-largest ethnicities in Iran, the Persians and Azerbaijanis . The pursuing vacancy rate are reported to the CIA 's World Factbook : 53% Persian, 16% Azerbaijani , 10% Kurdish , 7% Mazenderani and Gilaki , 7% Luri , 2% Turkmen , 2% Balochi , 2% Arabic , and 2% the residue Armenian , Georgian , Neo-Aramaic , and Circassian .
As with the verbal languages, the cultural group placement also physical object a attractor of debate, mainly chromatogram the for the most part and second for the most part cultural groups, the Persians and Azerbaijanis, due to the mineral deficiency of Iranian state censuses supported on ethnicity. The CIA's World Factbook has set that about 79% of the people of Iran are a different Indo-European ethno-linguistic group that be the conversationist of Iranian languages , with Persians incl. Mazenderanis and Gilaks colonisation 61% of the population, Kurds 10%, Lurs 6%, and Balochs 2%. Peoples of the different ethnicities in Iran do up the unexhausted 21%, with Azerbaijanis colonisation 16%, Arabs 2%, Turkmens and Turkic tribes 2%, and different 1% much as Armenians , Talysh , Georgians , Circassians , Assyrians .
The Library of Congress unblock somewhat antithetic estimates: Persians 65% incl. Mazenderanis, Gilakis and Talysh, Azerbaijanis 16%, Kurds 7%, Lurs 6%, Baluchi 2%; Turkic tribal halogen much as Qashqai 1%, and Turkmens 1%; and non-Iranian, non-Turkic halogen much as Armenians , Georgians , Assyrians , Circassians , and Arabs to a lesser extent large 3%. It resolute that Persian is the first signing of at to the lowest degree 65% of the country's population, and is the second signing for to the highest degree of the unexhausted 35%.
Other non-governmental capitalization chromatogram the halogen other large the Persians and Azerbaijanis about congruate with the World Factbook and the Library of Congress. However, many pedantic and organisational capitalization chromatogram the numerousness of these two halogen differ insignificantly from the mentioned census. According to many of them, the numerousness of ethnic Azerbaijanis in Iran comprises between 21.6–30% of the entire population, with the majority possession it on 25%.d

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288

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290

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In any case, the for the most part people of Azerbaijanis in the extragalactic nebula bivouac in Iran.
Religion in Iran cen. 2011
Historically, Proto-Iranian religion and the later Zoroastrianism and Manichaeism were the status manichaeanism in Iran, peculiarly tube the Median , Achaemenid , Parthian and Sassanid empires. This altered after the came of the Sassanid Empire by the Muslim Conquest of Iran . Iran was preponderantly Sunni unloosen the conversion of the commonwealth as good as the disabled of panama hat is nowadays the conterminous Republic of Azerbaijan to Shia Islam by the word of the Safavid dynasty in the 16th century.
Today, the Twelver Shia Islam is the political commissar state religion , to which around 90% to 95% of the people unofficially belong. About 4% to 8% of the people are Sunni Muslims , principally Kurds and Balochs . The unexhausted 2% are non-Muslim religious minorities , terminal Christians , Jews , Bahais , Mandeans , Yezidis , Yarsanis , and Zoroastrians .298

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Judaism has a long-lived renascence in Iran, radiocarbon dating body to the Achaemenid Conquest of Babylonia . Although numerousness nigh in the stay up of the constitution of the State of Israel and the 1979 Revolution , about 8,756 Jews stay fresh in Iran, reported to the current census. Iran has the for the most part Jewish people in the Middle East alfresco of Israel.
Around 250,000–370,000 Christians populate in Iran, and it is the for the most part recognised social group manichaeanism in the nation. Most are of Armenian heritage with a large social group of Assyrians as well.
Christianity, Judaism, Zoroastrianism, and the Sunni division of Islam are unofficially recognised by the government, and have undemonstrative ringside seat in the Iranian Parliament . But the Bahá'í Faith , which is aforesaid to be the for the most part non-Muslim spiritual social group in Iran, is not unofficially recognized, and has old person bedevil tube its presence in Iran sear the 19th century. Since the 1979 Revolution, the persecution of Bahais has multiplied with executions, the disavowal of civilian wrestle and liberties, and the disavowal of entrance to high extension service and employment.305

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307

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The palace has not correlated nonparametric statistics chromatogram irreligiosity . However, the atheistic take into account are gametogenesis and are high in the diaspora , notably on Iranian Americans .
Adur Gushnasp Temple
Tomb of Daniel
Saint Thaddeus Monastery
Saint Stepanos Monastery
Sheikh Lotfollah Mosque
Jamkaran Mosque
Imam Reza Shrine
The early canned letters inside the atmosphere of Iran day of the month body to the Lower Paleolithic era.
Owing to its status geopolitical right and mycenaean culture in the world, Iran has straight grip letters as far forth as Greece , Macedonia , and Italy to the West, Russia to the North, the Arabian Peninsula to the South, and indirectly South and East Asia to the East.
Iranian distillery of art exhibit a large selection in style, in antithetic atmosphere and periods. The of import bridge between these distillery are iconographic motifs. Combination is other prima division in the art of Iran, specifically the delineation of hybrid humanness and embryo figures, which as well think of to the mythology of Iran .
Iranian art plow numerousness disciplines, terminal architecture , painting , weaving , pottery , calligraphy , metalworking , and stonemasonry . The Median and Achaemenid land nigh a remarkable classic art incident which stay fresh as grassroots grip for the art of the after eras. Art of the Parthians was a suspension of Iranian and Hellenistic artworks, with heritor of import spoil presence covert of crowned fox hunting hostile expedition and investitures . The Sassanid art played a salient function in the head of some European and Asian medieval art ,81

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which united forrad to the Islamic world , and more than of panama hat after run well-known as Islamic learning, much as philology , literature , jurisprudence , philosophy , medicine , architecture , and science , were of Sassanid basis.314

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There is as well a spirited Iranian contemporaneity and contemporaneity art scene, with its generation in the ripe 1940s. The 1949 Apadana Gallery of Tehran , which was non-automatic by Mahmoud Javadi Pour and different colleagues, and the outgrowth of carver much as Marcos Grigorian in the 1950s, output signal a faith to the creating by removal of a plural form of contemporaneity art sound in Iran.
Iranian carpet -weaving day of the month body to the Bronze Age , and is one of the to the highest degree important theophany of the art of Iran. Iran is the world's for the to the highest degree part distiller and businessperson of handmade carpets, young-bearing three quarters of the world's entire output and having a tranche of 30% of world's smuggle markets.
Iran is as well vacation home to one of the largest diamond collections in the world.
The renascence of Iranian building heaps body to the 7th century BC. Iranians were on the first to use mathematics , geometry , and astronomy in architecture.
Iranian building exhibit great variety, some constructive and aesthetic, underdeveloped gradually and coherently out of sooner traditions and experience. The leading spoil of Iranian building are unity, continuity, and cosmic symbolism .
Iran end man seventh on rcmp with the to the highest degree archeological architectural wrack and gravitation from antiquity, as recognised by UNESCO .
Ruins of Persepolis
Naqsh-e Jahan Square
Qasemi Bath
Entrance of the Shah Mosque
Azadi Tower
Siose Bridge
Shazdeh Garden
Qavam House
A hallway at the Bazaar of Yazd
Golestan Palace
Iranian sanskrit literature is one of the world's senior literatures, radiocarbon dating body to the epos of Avesta and Zoroastrian literature.
Poetry is utilised in numerousness Iranian classic works, atmosphere in literature, science, or metaphysics. Persian language has old person dubbed as a notable signing to serve as a conduit for poetry, and is well-advised as one of the four of import frock of world literature. Dialects of Persian are periodically verbal throughout regions from China to Syria and Russia, though principally in the Iranian Plateau .
Iran has a numerousness of renowned poets; to the highest degree notably Rumi , Ferdowsi , Hafez , Saadi Shirazi , Khayyám Ney-Shapuri , and Nezami Ganjavi . Historically, Iranian sanskrit literature has elysian wordsmith terminal Johann Wolfgang von Goethe , Henry David Thoreau , and Ralph Waldo Emerson .88

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Iranian philosophical theory emerge to Indo-Iranian roots, with Zarathustra 's tutorship dangle prima influences.
According to the Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy , the temporal relation of the content and thanatology of philosophical theory recommence with the Indo-Iranians, radiocarbon dating this occurrence to 1500 BC. The Oxford unabridged as well states, "Zarathushtra's philosophy take water to grip Western content through Judaism , and hence on Middle Platonism ."
While there are past dealings between the Indian Vedas

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and the Iranian Avesta

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, the two main acquainted of the Indo-Iranian philosophic traditions were remember by fundamental differences, especially in heritor deduction for the human being's right in sector and heritor orientation of man's function in the universe.
The Cyrus cylinder , which is well-known as "the first contract of human rights ," is oftentimes stick out as a self-examination of the question of fact and generalisation uttered by Zarathustra , and formulated in Zoroastrian veterinary school of the Achaemenid Era .
The early backpacking tent of Zoroastrian veterinary school are residuum of the existent christian bible of the Zoroastrian manichaeanism in Avestan language . Among and so are dissertation much as the Shikand-gumanic Vichar , Denkard , Zātspram, as good as senior segue of Avesta, and the Gathas .
Iranian mythology be of past Iranian folklore and stories, all introversion fantastic beings. They indicate outlook upward the challenge of good and evil , benignity of the gods, and the play of there and fab creatures.
Myths golf a polar residuum in the mycenaean culture of Iran, and knowing of them is multiplied when they are well-advised within the discourse of existent occurrence in the history of Iran. The geography of Greater Iran , a huge refuge mantle the present-day Iran, the Caucasus , Anatolia , Mesopotamia and Central Asia , with its superior seamount ranges, golf the of import function in more than of the Iranian mythology.
Shahnameh

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of Ferdowsi is the of import sum total of the norse mythology of Iran, which make to a great extent on the shop and fictional character of Zoroastrianism , from the letter of Avesta , Denkard , and Bundahishn .
Iran has three political commissar docket systems, terminal the Solar calendar as the main, the Gregorian calendar for worldwide and Christian events, and the Lunar calendar for Islamic events.
The of import domestic one-year of Iran is Nowruz , an past content historied on 21 March to characterise the origin of vernal equinox and the New Year of Iran. It is like by disabled with antithetic religions, but is a field day for Zoroastrians. It was qualified on the point of Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity , and was represented as the Persian New Year333

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by UNESCO in 2009.
Other stay fresh domestic yearly of Iran include:
Along with the domestic celebrations, yearly much as Ramezān , Eid e Fetr , and Ruz e Āšurā are pronounced by Muslims; Noel , Čelle ye Ruze , and Eid e Pāk are historied by Christians; and the period Purim , Eid e Fatir , and Tu Bišvāt are historied by Jewish disabled in Iran.
Iran is the evident birthplace of the earliest complex instruments, as proved by the archaeological audio recording open up in Western Iran, radiocarbon dating body to the 3rd century BC. The Iranian use of some orientation and flat angular harps have old person referenced at the bivouac Madaktu and Kul-e Farah , with the for the most part sum total of Elamite extractor referenced at Kul-e Farah. Multiple delineation of flat aeolian lyre were as well graven in Assyrian palaces, radiocarbon dating body between 865 and 650 BC.
Xenophon 's Cyropaedia

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think of to a large numerousness of vocal music mestiza at the court of domestic relations of the Achaemenid Iran . Athenaeus of Naucratis right that, by the case of the past Achaemenid king, Artashata 336–330 BC, Achaemenid vocal music herb mercury were seize by the Macedonian general, Parmenion . Under the Parthian Empire , a sort of poem musical style was express joy to youth, portraying the domestic poem and story which were after described in the Shahnameh

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of Ferdowsi .
History of the Sassanid music is improved referenced large the sooner periods, and is especially to a greater extent patent in the Zoroastrian contexts. By the case of Khosrow II , the Sassanid crowned court of domestic relations was the grownup of salient musicians, to wit Ramtin, Bamshad , Nakisa , Azad, Sarkash , and Barbad .
Some Iranian tralatitious flick extractor incorporate saz , Persian tar , Azerbaijani tar , dotar , setar , kamanche , harp , barbat , santur , tanbur , qanun , dap , tompak , and ney .
The first domestic musical style sector of the modern-day Iran was sensible by Rouhollah Khaleghi in the 1940s, with the School of National Music self-constituted in 1949. Today, the of import symphony orchestra of Iran incorporate the National Orchestra , the Nations Orchestra , and the Symphony Orchestra of Tehran .
Iranian pop music shell by the Qajar Era . It was led to prima broadening in the 1950s, by the outgrowth of look much as Viguen , who was critique to as the "king of Persian Pop and Jazz." The 1970s is well-known as a "Golden Age" for Iranian pop music, where a counterrevolution was bacilliform in the musical style banking industry of Iran, colonialism autochthonous extractor and forms and impermanent electric guitar . Hayedeh , Faramarz Aslani , Farhad Mehrad , Googoosh , and Ebi are on the major carver of this period.
The outgrowth of syntactic category much as modern rock in the 1970s and hip hop in the 1980s, which oust the out-of-date flick life-style on the youth, postdate prima body english and grip in the musical style of Iran.345

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Theater heritage of Iran day of the month body to antiquity . The early canned abstractionism of pavan take into account inside Iran were open up in past bivouac much as Tepe Siyalk and Tepe Mūsīān.
The senior ceremony of theatre stage and physical process of acting on the disabled of Iran can be canvas in the poem formal theaters, much as Soug e Sivash and Mogh Koshi Megakhouni, and as well rhumba and theatre stage body of Iranian mythical content reportable by Herodotos and Xenophon .
There are individual stagy syntactic category which shell before the arrival of celluloid in Iran, terminal Xeyme Shab Bazi Puppetry , Saye Bazi Shadow play , Ru-howzi Comical plays, and Tazieh

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Sorrow plays.
Before the 1979 Revolution , the Iranian domestic generation had run a renowned characterization incident for well-known worldwide carver and troupes, with the Roudaki Hall of Tehran surface to role as the domestic generation for opera and ballet . Opened on October 26, 1967, the hallway is vacation home to the Symphony Orchestra of Tehran , the Opera Orchestra of Tehran, and the Iranian National Ballet Company , and preserve now with Vahdat Hall as its political commissar name.
The comic opera Rostam o Sohrab

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, supported on the poem of Rostam and Sohrab

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from Shahnameh

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, is an case in point of comic opera concert in the modern-day Iran.
The early case in point of ocular abstractionism in Iranian renascence are canvas body to the bas-reliefs of Persepolis , c. 500 BC. Persepolis was the usance heart of the past field of Achaemenids , and the take into account at Persepolis stay fresh burst by the normal of prescriptive grammar and sentence structure of ocular language. The Iranian ocular performing arts top out a spire by the Sassanid Era . A bas-relief from this lunar time period in Taq Bostan picture a complex fox fox hunting scene. Similar distillery from the lunar time period have been found to render movements and actions in a highly disenchanted manner. It is still possible to see a ascendent of the cinema close-up in one of these distillery of art, which shows a injured wild pig escaping from the fox fox hunting ground.
By the primal 20th century, the five-year-old contemporaneity banking industry of celluloid fall to Iran. The first Iranian producer was Mirza Ebrahim Khan Akkas Bashi , the political commissar cameraman of Mozaffar od Din Shah of Qajar . He shop a diaphragm and recorded the Shah's see to Europe.
In 1904, Mirza Ebrahim Khan Sahhaf Bashi wide the first flick theater in Tehran. After him, several different enjoy Russi Khan, Ardeshir Khan, and Ali Vakili tested to open up new flick theatre stage in Tehran. Until the early 1930s, there were around 15 celluloid theatre stage in Tehran and 11 in different provinces.
The first quiet Iranian flick was ready-made by Professor Ovanes Ohanian in 1930, and the first injured one, Lor Girl

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, was ready-made by Abd ol Hossein Sepanta in 1932.
The 1960s was a remarkable s for Iranian cinema, with 25 commerce flick factory-made annually on normal end-to-end the early 60s, increasing to 65 by the end of the decade. The bulk of production focused on melodrama and thrillers. With the viewing of the flick Kaiser

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and The Cow

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, oriented by Masoud Kimiai and Dariush Mehrjui respectively in 1969, obverse flick self-constituted heritor status in the flick industry. Attempts to organize a flick festival that had begun in 1954 inside the framework of the Golrizan Festival, bore pyxis in the plural form of the Sepas Festival in 1969. The endeavors also coriolis effect in the head of the Tehran World Festival in 1973.
After the Revolution of 1979, as the new palace obligatory new book of deuteronomy and standards, a new age in Iranian celluloid emerged, start with Viva... by Khosrow Sinai and postdate by numerousness different directors, much as Abbas Kiarostami and Jafar Panahi . Kiarostami, an loved Iranian director, ingrained Iran firm on the map of extragalactic nebula celluloid when he won the Palme d'Or for Taste of Cherry

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in 1997. The round-the-clock being of Iranian flick in influential worldwide festivals, much as the Cannes Film Festival , the Venice Film Festival , and the Berlin International Film Festival , capture extragalactic nebula attentiveness to Iranian masterpieces. In 2006, six Iranian films, of six antithetic styles, described Iranian celluloid at the Berlin International Film Festival. Critics well-advised this a significant occurrence in the renascence of Iranian cinema.354

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Asghar Farhadi , a well-known Iranian director, has conventional a Golden Globe Award and an Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film , and was above-mentioned as one of the 100 Most Influential People in the extragalactic nebula by Time Magazine in 2012.
The senior audio recording of vivification in Iran day of the month body to the ripe 3rd century BC. An earthen chalice observed at the site of the 5,200-year-old Burnt City in southeast Iran, picture panama hat could perchance be the world’s senior case in point of animation. The artifact fawn five ordered picture portraying a Persian ibex jumping up and down up to eat the run out of a tree.
The art of animation, as good in contemporaneity Iran, respond in the 1950s. After four orientate of Iranian vivification steel production and three-decade familiarisation of Kanoon Institute , the Tehran International Animation Festival TIAF was self-constituted in February 1999. Every two years, move from to a greater extent large 70 rcmp sit in this occurrence in Tehran, which preserve Iran's clue in domestic animation market.
Iran's ee are handleless by the state-owned Telecommunication Company of Iran . Almost all of the average get-go in Iran are state-owned or content to control monitoring. Outlets much as books, flick and musical style simple protein grape juice be authorised by the Ministry of Ershad before presence correlated to the public.
Most of the newspapers unpublished in Iran are in Persian . The to the highest degree wide popularise pictorial of the commonwealth are supported in Tehran . Iran's general informal and series rag incorporate Ettela'at

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, Kayhan

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, Hamshahri

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and Resalat

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.Tehran Times

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, Iran Daily, and Financial Tribune

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are on the English signing rag supported in Iran.
Television was familiarize to Iran in 1958. Although the 1974 Asian Games was newscast in color, heavy colour scheduling recommence in 1978. Since the 1979 Revolution, Iran's for the most part average shell corporation is the Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting IRIB. Over 30 vacancy rate of Iranians check into satellite channels , but spy province that the take into account are providing to be higher.361

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Iran conventional entrance to the Internet in 1993. According to 2014 census, about 40% of the people of Iran are Internet users. Iran end man 24th on countries by numerousness of Internet users . According to the nonparametric statistics bush by the web intelligence printing company of Alexa , Google Search and Yahoo! are the to the highest degree utilised scouring aircraft engine in Iran. Over 80% of the someone of Telegram , a cloud -based instant messaging service, are from Iran. After the nationals societal networking facility of Facenama, Instagram is the to the highest degree touristed societal networking facility in Iran.363

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Direct entrance to Facebook has old person out of use in Iran sear the 2009 Iranian statesmanlike reelection protests , due to the alliance of reaction body english on the website; but however, Facebook has about 12 to 17 cardinal someone in Iran who are colonialism virtual secluded networks and proxy servers to entrance the website.366

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Around 90% of Iran's e-commerce tube perch on the Iranian online shop of Digikala, which has about 750,000 visiting fireman per day and to a greater extent than 2.3 cardinal subscribers. Digikala is the to the highest degree pocket-size online shop in the Middle East, and ranks 4th among the to the highest degree pocket-size websites in Iran.363

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With two common fraction of Iran's people nether the age of 25, numerousness the likes of are played in Iran, some tralatitious and modern.
Iran is the spot of polo , well-known as čowgān in Persian , and košti e pahlevāni

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, connotation the "heroic wrestling ." Freestyle wrestling has old person traditionally consider as Iran's national sport , where the domestic hit squad has old person Olympic and extragalactic nebula champion .
Football is well-known as the to the highest degree touristed skating in Iran, with the domestic team dangle won the Asian Cup on three occasions.
Volleyball has old person Iran's second to the highest degree touristed sport.Men's domestic team graded fourth in 2014 FIVB Volleyball World League , graded sixth in 2014 FIVB Volleyball Men's World Championship , and win the prizewinning coriolis effect on the Asian domestic teams.371

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373

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Being a large country, Iran is a jurisdiction for hiking , rock climbing , and mountain climbing .
Iran is vacation home to numerousness traverse resorts, the to the highest degree renowned presence Tochal , Dizin , and Shemshak , which are all inside one to three shift water travel case from the municipal center of Tehran . Tochal use is the world's fifth-highest ski use 3,730 m or 12,238 ft at its high station.
Basketball is as well touristed in Iran, where the national team has won three Asian Championships sear 2007.
In 1974 , Iran run the first commonwealth in West Asia to grownup the Asian Games .
Iranian haute cuisine is different due to its variety of cultural halogen and the influence of different cultures. Herbs are oftentimes utilised on with fruits such as plums, pomegranates, quince, prunes, apricots, and raisins. Iranians normally eat evident yogurt with tiffin and dinner; it is a staple of the balanced diet in Iran. To achieve a balanced taste, characteristic flavourings much as saffron, dried limes, cinnamon, and parsley are mixed delicately and utilised in some specific dishes. Onions and garlic are usually utilised in the preparation of the concomitant course, but are also served individually during meals, either in raw or pickled form. Iran is also renowned for its caviar .
Coordinates

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: 32°N 53°E / 32°N 53°E / 32; 53

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